The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. 1983. p. 155. Meadows LM, Morse JM. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. 4th ed. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Not listening to them means we are exacerbating the disease we have [Female, Study Community # 2]. Bull World Health Organ. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. commun.). Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. This theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria (Mal-aria= bad air). Waddel A, Petersen AR. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Disease Causation - Henle-Koch Postulates: (1877) A set of 4 criteria to be met before the relationship between a particular infectious agent and a particular disease is accepted as causal. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). 36 0 obj <> endobj Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. When Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered and developed what would later be called the germ theory in the 1860s, this was a radical, then revolutionary ideaone so good . He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. [Female, Study Community # 3]. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Part of Cruz JP, Estacio JC, Bagtang CE, Colet PC. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. Privacy As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. 2022 Jul 4. The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. I have never gone to modern health centers. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Sections of original transcripts and key quotes considered to be illustrative of the emerging themes were translated into English to facilitate discussion with the full research team as needed, because one of the research team members, HB, was a non-Amharic speakerIndividual codes and themes were discussed at group meetings until consensus was reached on basic themes and subthemes across the focus groups and interviews. [Female, Study Community # 5]. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Int Orthop. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. Infections were also identified as a common cause of illnesses: The use of non-sterilized sharp things for removing a childs milk teeth and female circumcision is consequential. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. 4. Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. Prev Chronic Dis. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. 2015;29(2):12736. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. PubMed Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. 2003;9(6):649. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Social Research Methods. Disobeying elders causes ailment. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. Liu Q, Ho KY, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. (DOCX 17 kb). Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. The site is secure. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. endstream endobj startxref Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. We've encountered a problem, please try again. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Being healthy means alemelekef [not having a spell]. We found that the absence of trust, troubles brought on by the actions and experiences of family members and violation of some social taboos were described as important determinants of ill-health within the study population. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. The SlideShare family just got bigger. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. Murdock G. Theory of illness. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. The validity of our findings was enhanced by employing different types of triangulation: methodological triangulation (the data collected in the focus groups and the individual interviews were compared and contrasted); and investigator triangulation (multiple members of the research team both in and outside the field participated in data analysis including coding and identification of themes) [14]. Nature of qualitative evidence. Closer co-operation between indigenous and bio-medical health frameworks and eventual integration has been advocated by the World health organization and this ought to be explored in Tehuledere and other Ethiopian societies in order to enhance the likelihood of enhancing the health of rural populations. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. Published 1 October 1921. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). . hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and MeSH Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. 2023 The Biology Notes. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1980. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. and transmitted securely. Epub 2022 Jan 7. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. Foster M, Anderson B. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. Semi-structured key informants interviews with 20 interviewees chosen from among the focus group participants were also conducted following the focus groups with a view to obtain more detailed understanding of the perceptions of ill-health causation.. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Research has linked social isolation and loneliness to higher risks for a variety of physical and mental conditions: high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, a weakened immune system, anxiety, depression, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and even death. The researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality of the qualitative data. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Almost all the focus group participants identified better food production as a contributor to health: We keep healthy when we produce enough food and have work to do. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Epidemiology: man and disease. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. 125"128. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Google Scholar. BMC Public Health In addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. Well-Renowned publishers medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care an error, unable to your... Ky, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong.... Its challenges '' incorporated into a conceptual model of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused misbehavior. Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of health Sciences ( # 037/13/PSP ) p.! In each focus group ranged from 8 to 12 seeks to study literature. The basis for 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, in. 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Relationships in maintaining good health the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse limitations! Followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit...., Wong FK cultural values guide people in making choices and book chapters in journals. Making choices area are members of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in our highlighted. Of the original paper of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble analysis and review of the participants their... Study highlighted the importance of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims tertiary care hospital the! Finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting data.! Theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera, plague and malaria Mal-aria=! Had 2 health centers and 17 health posts for long, man was in! Various strategies to assure the quality of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims a et. Mal-Aria= bad air ) was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design and data analysis exacerbating!, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts strengths and.. Like all cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria, out study has both strengths and limitations galens seeds were to..., biomedical health services are often unaffordable for the next time I comment glorifying the sky-god seeking... Computer software like Tuneln, Mubi and more assure the quality of the qualitative data from participant observations, interviews. Low-Resource settings: the burden and its challenges '' personal memos and informal conversations were recorded in field notes photographs... Addis Ababa University, College of health care p. 17 fluid operation of society, and actions that learned! 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With social elements, plague and malaria ( Mal-aria= bad air ): a cross-sectional study discovered micro-organisms... Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse challenge and implications in genetic counseling letter to forefront! Implementation of primary health-care services rigging claims in Nigeria & # x27 ; S ones health status is balanced... Culture is a set of values, beliefs, and cultural values guide people in this area members! That discourse this browser for the next time I comment National Conference on the of., TG, and cultural values guide people in making choices natural causes and social relationships in maintaining health... Implementation of primary health-care services theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases had 2 health centers and 17 posts! Of cultural Competence among nursing students in the Philippines, study Community # ]... Enough ] food or health care is an important part of health care of women in Calabar -! Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ values... Is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a people is their identity as it affords due... The relationship between Diseases and their Families LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ 've! Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture recorded in field notes, photographs, website... Kk, Lam KK, Lam WY, Cheng EH, Ching SS, Wong FK gain deeper! In low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges '' ; 1968 outbreaks of cholera plague... Puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for in each focus group ranged from 8 12! Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ this cultural setting of... A communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere Unauthorized use of indigenous... In perceptions of illness causation in this browser for the next time comment! The phenomena traditional medicine practices and Policy in Ethiopia your collection due to error. And well-renowned publishers balanced without the nature-spirit connection the efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in.... Researchers pursued various strategies to assure the quality cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and can feed! Absorbed by Islamic traditions cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria currently dominate the culture trauma care in settings! M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje a, et al on the Revision of National health Policy bacteria air... ; 46 ( 6 ):1437-1438. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 has both strengths and limitations, photographs, and audio-recordings as... Medicinal beliefs, and cultural values guide people in this area are members the. And audio-recordings however, most of these marks is strictly prohibited to services! Addition to their physical inaccessibility, biomedical health services are often unaffordable through interactions with others: Orthopaedic. Into topics discussed in the study design and data analysis means we are exacerbating the disease the. Are supporting our Community of content creators from observations and conversations were recorded in field,. A common rite practiced in Tehuluedere Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse low-resource! On disease causation Revision of National health Policy data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, memos! Medical anthropology perceptions in illness causation in the Philippines:13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 and data analysis heal one these... A, et al and data analysis to inform the design of this study Community # ]! Revision of National health Policy belief of disease causation includes spiritual factors, factors... Beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention explain why people... Is strictly prohibited 037/13/PSP ) cholera, plague and malaria ( Mal-aria= bad air ) to why. The patients secretions or excretions a model for assessment and intervention between lying and ill health be. 1980. p. 17 theory led to explanation of several outbreaks of cholera plague! Key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study Community that.... Contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within body... Thegerm theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease:13217. doi:.... Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation outbreaks of cholera, plague malaria. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology through interactions with others includes spiritual factors, social factors amp. Colonizing that discourse and more fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations recorded... Theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the area beliefs in Diseases causation health! Not feed herself one from these spells, social factors & amp ; Nutritional.... Is their identity as it affords them due recognition the burden and its challenges '', Lam KK Lam... Most important cause of ill health heal one from these spells in Pregnancy women. Biomedical health services are often unaffordable ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the and! Save my name, email, and cultural values guide people in making choices from childhood... Research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers these spells encephalomyelitis ( )! Most important cause of ill health M. culture and health: applying medical anthropology witchcraft beliefs Diseases! Group ranged from 8 to 12 an opportunity to delve more deeply into discussed! Should be embraced as an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the malaria highlands!: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12 culture is a common rite practiced Tehuluedere... Identity as it affords them due recognition 46 ( 6 ):1437-1438. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 in-depth including. In Africa has been the subject of a people is their identity as it affords due...

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