definition of mole in chemistry class 11
Corrections? The atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453, therefore 1 mol of chlorine atoms have a mass of 35.453 grams. This mass is given by the atomic weight of the chemical unit that makes up that substance in atomic mass units (amu). A mole is defined as 6.02214076 1023 of some chemical unit, be it atoms, molecules, ions, or others. Topperlearning. You can also read: These are very detailed and comprehensive notes developed by team of expert faculties. The term elemental entity refers to atoms, ions or molecules. You can also read: These are very detailed and comprehensive notes developed by team of expert faculties. 1 mole of carbon = 12g of carbon. A mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains exactly \ (6.02214076 \times {10^ {23}}\) 'elementary entities' of the given substance. Therefore, the molecular mass of water is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of its constituents hydrogen and oxygen. Quantities that cannot be quantified using units like grams or milligrams are referred to as moles. Learn the concepts of Class 11 Chemistry Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry with Videos and Stories. MOLE, , The mole is the amount of substance of a system which, contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms, in 12gm of carbon 12., , The quality of a substance in which 6.02310 particles, of that substance are present, it is called a mole or a, mole quantity., 1 mole quantity = 6.023 10 particles. What will be the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams? . The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. The gram atomic mass of an element is the mass of one mole of that element. What is a Mole? If a solution consist of only two components it is called a binary solution. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Therefore, the gram atomic mass of hydrogen is approximately 1.007g and the gram molecular mass of water is approximately 18.015g. This number is also called the Avogadro constant. Number of Moles = (Mass of the Sample)/(Molar Mass). Mole Concept Revision Notes for CBSE Class 11-science Chemistry - TopperLearning. The molar mass of carbon is 12.0107 g/mol. The elementary entities that can be represented in moles can be atoms, molecules, monoatomic/polyatomic ions, and other particles (such as electrons). (See Avogadros law.). Presentation is having detailed description for some of the basic concepts like mole concept, matter in our surrounding etc. Page 3 : The number of moles in a given sample of an element/compound can be calculated by dividing the total mass of the sample by the molar mass of the element/compound, as described by the following formula. Similarly, the gram molecular mass of a compound refers to the mass of one Mole concept Basics of the compound. Select the correct answer and click on the Finish buttonCheck your score and answers at the end of the quiz, Visit BYJUS for all Chemistry related queries and study materials, its very usable to every student and perform excellent thanks, Byjus is exellent in teaching or defining the concepts, Thank you so much and very very thank you, This is very informative and very helpful to all the students. The molecular mass of an element is the sum of the atomic masses of all its constituent elements. Already a premium student, Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. In science, this is usually molecules or atoms. Matter Chemistry would be an comprehensive study of these properties of unique mixtures and their settings. some-basic-concepts-of-chemistry. A.3: 1 mole of CO2 contains 1 mole of carbon and 2 moles of oxygen. In the calculation of the number of atoms or molecules in a given mass of the element of the compound. Class 11 Chemistry Mole Concept Limiting Reagent PREVIOUS Next Limiting Reagent In many situations one of the reactants is present in excess, therefore, some of this reactant is left over on completion of the reaction. Mole can be defined as: The amount of substance that contains the same number of chemical species (atoms, molecules, ions &, etc.) Term mole was suggested by Ostwald (Latin word mole = heap) A mole is defined as the amount of substance which contains same number of elementary particles (atoms, molecules or ions) as the number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon (C-12). Download India's Leading JEE | NEET | Class 8-10 Exam preparation app Video Lectures Live Sessions Study Material Tests Previous Year Papers Revision Enroll Now Here you will get Complete Mole Concept NEET Previous Year Questions with complete and detailed solutions. In the calculation of actual mass of a single atom of an element or a single molecule of a substance. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Mole Definition in Chemistry." If you want to know how many moles of a material you have, divide the mass of the material by its molar mass. We answer all your questions at the website Chiangmaiplaces.net in category: +100 Marketing Blog Post Topics & Ideas.You will find the answer right below. Click Start Quiz to begin! Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of a solute in a litre of solution. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. The General Conference on Weights and Measures defined the mole as this number for the International System of Units (SI) effective from May 20, 2019. While technically this is true as they are both simply a new name for a particular number of objects, this misses the key point that the mole . When dealing with particles at an atomic (or molecular) level, even one gram of a pure element is known to contain a huge number of atoms. The current definition of the mole implies that the amount of a substance is best determined by measuring mass. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non reacting substances, the relative amount of which can be varied up to a certain limit. For a substance that is composed of more than one kind of atom, one adds up the atomic weights of the individual atoms for the chemical unit that makes up that substance. 2H 2 + O 2 H 2 O The above reaction indicates: For example, the molar mass of water is approximately 18.015 g/mol, which is the mass of NA number of water molecules. Updates? The number of electrons in a mole of hydrogen molecule is. Class 11 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Important Questions with Answers Short Answer Type Questions . Let's consider a chemical reaction through the equation mentioned below. Often people say a mole is just like a dozen. For example, gold has an atomic weight of 196.967 amu, so one mole of gold has a mass of 196.967 grams. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Mole is a number just like 1 dozen = 12, 1 Score = 20, 1 Gross= 144 1 Mole = 6.022*10^23 = Avogadro Number (NA) - 1 Mole Apples = 6.022*10^23 Apples - 2 Mole Apples = 2*6.022*10^23 Apples - 1 Mole Carbon Atoms= 6.022*10^23 Atoms of Carbon - 5 Mole . Q1. 1 mole of H2 contains 6.0231023 molecules and each molecule of H2 contains two electrons. This constant is always represented in terms of per mole. Document Description: Mole Concept, Class 11, Chemistry for NEET 2022 is part of NEET preparation. percentage composition chemistry class 11 Even for known compounds, such information provides a check that the given sample contains the same percentage of elements that are present in a pure sample. When we write chemical equations, the quantities are assumed to be in moles. This number is equal to 6.02 x 1023, or Avogadro Number (NA). Chemistry. The number 6.02214076*1023 is popularly known as the Avogadro constant and is often denoted by the symbol NA. A mole is defined as 6.02214076 1023 of some chemical unit, be it atoms, molecules, ions, or others. Are you looking for an answer to the topic "How is the mole defined class 11? During which year do humans grow the fastest? Its symbol is mol. The number of atoms in 12 gm of 12 C is called Avogadro's number (N A ). In the calculation of actual masses of 1 amu or 1 u. Answer . A Mole is defined as a chemical unit, defined to be 6.022 x 10 23 ( Avogadro's Constant) entities. Chemistry It is the branch of science which deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter. For example, the atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 atomic mass units since carbon samples generally contain 98.89% of the carbon-12 isotope, 1.11% of carbon-13, and trace amounts of carbon-14. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What is a Molecule? Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. or The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of one mole of that substance. or 1 mole = collection of 6.02 10 23 species 6.02 10 23 = N A = Avogadro's No. The mole fraction defines the number of single component molecules (or moles) divided by the total number of molecules (or moles) in the mixture. The formula, which gives the simple ratio of each kind of atoms present in the molecule of compound, is called _____. When two reactive components are mixed together, the mole fraction is useful, as the ratio of the two components is understood if the mole fraction of each is known. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Mole Definition in Chemistry." The mole was originally defined as the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, but in 2018 the General Conference on Weights and Measures announced that effective May 20, 2019, the mole would be just 6.02214076 1023 of some chemical unit. Therefore, the mass of one mole of an element will be equal to its atomic mass in grams. A mole corresponds to the mass of a substance that contains 6.023 x 1023 particles of the substance. In science, this is usually molecules or atoms. The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of the element expressed in atomic mass units (amu). 8 mins. A.2: The molar mass of water is 18g (approximately). 12 g of carbon-12 isotope contains 6.022140857 X 1 0 23 carbon atoms. The number of moles of a molecule may not always be equal to the number of moles of its constituent elements. Examples: 1 mol = 6.023 * 10 23 atoms = one gram-atom = gram atomic mass A.1: The molar mass of iron is 55.845 g/mol. It accounts for the abundance of the various isotopes of the element and assigns an average value to the mass of one atom of the element. By using spectrometer atomic mass of carbon 12 isotope was found to be 1.992648 10 -23 g. Therefore, number of entities in 12g of Carbon . Class XI Chemistry Mole Concept Prepared By: Sachin Kantha. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . A mole is simply a unit of measurement. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is called the father of chemistry. For example, in the following reaction one mole of bromine gains two moles of electrons to form two moles of bromide ions: In the following example, the reactants are five moles of Fe2+, one mole of MnO4-, and 8 moles of hydrogen ions. Your email address will not be published. A mole can be defined as the amount of substance that contains the same number of chemical entities (atoms, ions, molecules, etc.) For the conversion of mass and number of particles, the definition of the mole can be used. This is where the mole concept is widely used. This quantity is also represented in terms of atomic mass units. Therefore, 36 grams of water makes up a total of 2 moles. or The amount of substance that contains 6.0210 23 atoms/ions/molecules is called a 1-mole substance. The number of units in a mole also bears the name Avogadros number, or Avogadros constant, in honour of the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro (17761856). To learn more about the mole concept and other related concepts, such as the law of definite proportions, register with BYJUS and download the mobile application on your smartphone. short time. mole, also spelled mol, in chemistry, a standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles. In the calculation of the number of molecules present in a given volume of the gas under given conditions. A mole is a method of counting collections of discrete chemical objects such as atoms or molecules. Q.1: How many moles of iron are present in a pure sample weighing 558.45 grams? When dealing with reactions that take place in solutions, the related concept of molarity is useful. The number of moles of a substance in a given pure sample can be represented by the following formula: Where n is the number of moles of the substance (or elementary entity), N is the total number of elementary entities in the sample, and NA is the Avogadro constant. A substance's mass that has the same number of fundamental units as there are atoms in precisely 12.000 g of 12C is referred to as a mole. Therefore, 1 mole of CO2 contains 12.01 grams of carbon and 32 grams of oxygen. The mole is a convenient unit to use because of the great number of atoms, molecules, or others in any substance. In the field of chemistry, a mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.02214076 * 1023 elementary entities of the given substance. Use Avogadro's Number to Convert Molecules to Grams, How to Convert Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams, Calculating the Concentration of a Chemical Solution, Formula Mass: Definition and Example Calculation, Calculating the Number of Atoms and Molecules in a Drop of Water. In comparison, one mole of oxygen consists, by definition, of the same number of atoms as carbon-12, but it has a mass of 15.999 grams. : the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a solution or other mixture to the total number of moles representing all of the components History and Etymology for mole fraction mole entry 7 Love words? The mole is related to the mass of an element in the following way: one mole of carbon-12 atoms has 6.02214076 1023 atoms and a mass of 12 grams. Therefore, the number of moles of iron in the pure sample weighing 558.45 grams is: Q.2: How many molecules of water are present in 36 grams of water? Complete step by step answer: Mole is a standard scientific unit used to measure large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, ions, etc. It is named after the 19th-century Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro, who found that under the same temperature and pressure, two gases with the same volume have the same number of molecules. This is the 11th Science part of Unit 1 Chemistry of class 11. The number of atoms or other particles in a mole is the same for all substances. For example, consider the combustion of hydrogen. mole, also spelled mol, in chemistry, a standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles. Empirical formula The empirical formula of a compound is defined as the formula that shows the ratio of elements present in the compound, but not the actual numbers of atoms found in the molecule. Molar mass can be represented by the following formula: Molar mass of a Substance = (Mass of the Substance in grams)/(Number of Moles). The mass of a mole is the gram formula mass of a substance. Thanks a lot byjus and byjus teachers. In the field of chemistry, a mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.02214076 * 1023 'elementary entities' of the given substance. Since water molecules contain 2 hydrogen atoms and only one oxygen atom, the molecular mass of H2O is 18.0154 amu. For example, one mole of a pure carbon-12 (12C) sample will have a mass of exactly 12 grams and will contain 6.02214076*1023 (NA) number of 12C atoms. . In this first unit of class 11 chemistry, we learn the significance of scientific notation, rules to calculate significant figures, the laws governing the combination of different atoms, mole concept, stoichiometry that involves the study of amount of substances that are involved in reactions, and modes of expressing concentration of the solution. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. A knowledge of how the mole applies to mass, number of entities. One mole is amount of substance that can be defined as. Any measurement can be broken down into two parts the numerical magnitude and the units that the magnitude is expressed in. By definition: 1 mol of carbon-12 has a mass of 12 grams and contains 6.022140857 x 1023 of carbon atoms (to 10 significant figures). ThoughtCo. For example, when the mass of a ball is measured to be 2 kilograms, the magnitude is 2 and the unit is kilogram. One mole of carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12.000 grams and contains 6.02 10 23 atoms. The mole designates an extremely large number of units, 6.02214076 1023. 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We've updated our Privacy Policy, which will go in to effect on September 1, 2022. A mole is defined as that amount of substance which has mass equal to gram atomic mass if the substance is atomic or gram molecular mass if the substance is molecular. Youtube, Avogadros number or Avogadros constant (N, A mole is a chemist unit of counting particles such as atom, molecules, ions, electrons, protons which represent a value of, A mole of oxygen molecule means6.022 10, of atoms if the substance is atomic or Avogadros number of molecules. The mole is defined as containing exactly 6.022 140 76 10 23 elementary entities. The formation of the formation of hydrogen bonds, these salts and the result o Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. What is a Mole? Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons. Some solved example questions on the mole concept are provided in this subsection. NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Chemistry Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Class 11 Chemistry Mole Concept, What is Mole Concept, Definition of Mole Concept With Example, Chemical, Mole Concept is solved by our expert teachers. The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. However, the atomic masses of these isotopes are different. N A = 6.023 x 10 23 Each mole has 6.022*1023 water molecules. The notes and questions for Mole Concept, Class 11, Chemistry have been prepared according to the NEET exam syllabus. It primarily focuses on the unit known as a mole, which is a count of a very large number of particles. Mass of atom can be determined using spectrometer. The atomic weight of one atom of oxygen is 15.999, so the molar mass of water is 2.016 + 15.999 = 18.015 grams. By definition: 1 mol of carbon-12 has a mass of 12 grams and contains 6.022140857 x 10 23 of carbon atoms (to 10 significant figures ). Mole in Latin specifies pile, heap, or collection. In other words, the purity of a given sample can be verified by analyzing this data. "amount of substance containing same number of entities as that in 12g of 12 C isotope.". The molar mass of a substance is defined as the total mass of one mole of the substance. The mole was previously defined as the number of atoms determined experimentally to be found in 12 grams of carbon-12. Thanks a lot. Q.3: How many grams of carbon can be found in 1 mole of carbon dioxide? Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. In a mixture, the partial pressure of each gas is proportional to the mole fraction. Therefore the total no. For example, silver has an atomic weight of 107.8682 amu, so one mole of silver has a mass of 107.8682 grams. Due to this byjus I got 10/10gpa in 10 class It was the French physicist Jean Perrin who in the early 20th century dubbed the amount of units in a mole as Avogadros number. For example, in the chemical reaction 2H2O O2 + 2H2, two moles of water are decomposed into two moles of molecular hydrogen and one mole of molecular oxygen. The atomic mass of an element is roughly equal to the sum of all the protons and neutrons present in its nucleus. NCERT notes Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 1 Some basic concepts of Chemistry Gram Atomic Mass and Gram Molecular Mass A gram of an element's atomic mass is equal to one mole concept formula basics of that element. For example, a mole of water contains NA number of H2O molecules. A Mole is defined as a chemical unit, defined to be 6.022 x 1023 (Avogadro's Constant) entities. Mole Definition in Chemistry. The molecular mass of water is 18.01528, therefore 1 mol of water molecules have a mass of 18.01528 grams. One mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms/ ions/ molecules/ formula units etc.) Answer: just like you are taught counting in class firs and adding up kg in kg for weight and liter in liter for liquids same way the number of atoms molecules are so large n number because of their very small size so to signify the count and make sense of counting molecules number the mole conce. https://www.thoughtco.com/mole-definition-in-chemistry-606377 (accessed November 4, 2022). 2. 1 mole of atoms is also termed as 1 gm-atom, 1 mole of ions is termed as 1 gm-ion and 1 mole of molecule termed as 1 gm-molecule. Required fields are marked *, Quantities Related to mole concept and their Formulae. You can get ncert solutions and notes for class 11 chapter 1 absolutely free. The atomic weight of one atom of hydrogen is 1.008 amu, so that of two atoms is 2.016. 1 mol of a substance is the quantity identical to the substance's atomic or molecular mass (atomic or molecular weight). This mass is given by the atomic weight of the chemical unit that makes up that substance in atomic mass units (amu). The number 6.02214076*10 23 is popularly known as the Avogadro constant and is often denoted by the symbol 'N A '. A mole (symbol mol) is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many atoms, molecules, ions electrons or any other elementary entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12 gm of 12 C . Alternate titles: gram atom, gram molecular weight, gram molecule, mol, Learn about the concept of the ideal gas law. The relationship between the atomic mass unit (amu) and the gram is given by: 1 amu = (1gram)/(6.022*1023) = 1.66*10-24 grams. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Examples 1. Definition of mole : One mole is a collection of that many entities as there are number of atoms exactly in 12 gm of C - 12 isotope. Experimental Determination of Avogadro's Number, Theoretical Yield Definition in Chemistry. Chemists measure the amount of a substance in a unit called 'the mole'. Suppose that 2 moles of H2 and 2 moles of O2 are available for reaction. These notes covers the complete syllabus of Mole Concept - Class 11 including competitive exams like JEE mains and advanced, NEET and others. The total number of atoms/molecules in a sample can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles with the Avogadro constant. The number of entities constituting one mole was experimentally found to be 6.022 X 1023, which is a constant, and it is termed as an Avogadro's constant (NA) or Avogadro's number. This formula can be written as: Number of Atoms or Molecules = (Number of Moles)*(6.022*1023). . Get complete NEET previous year questions for Physics, Chemistry and Biology. For instance, 1 mole of oxygen = 16 g, 1 mole of sulphur = 32 g. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/mole-chemistry, General Conference on Weights and Measures. The quantity amount of substance is a measure of how many elementary entities of a given substance are in an object or sample. The NCERT Class 11th Chemistry textbooks are well known for it's updated and thoroughly revised syllabus. However, each water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. of electrons in one mole of H2 are 12.0461023. The 6.022 x 1023 number is known as the number of Avogadro or the constant of Avogadro. While this works for most measurements of chemical amounts, it does not follow that the definition of the mole must be tied with the definition of the kilogram. One mole of a substance is equal to the substances 6,022 x 1023 units (such as atoms, molecules, or ions). Oxygen, therefore, has a greater mass than carbon. CBSE Class 11-science. Science Technology Business Presentation is for the first chapter of class 11th Chemistry CBSE board. The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance. The mass of 1 mole of C-12 atoms = 12 g. 1 mole of C-12 atoms = 6.022 10 23 atoms. In chemistry, the mole, also written mol, is a standard scientific unit for the calculation of large amounts of very small entities, such as atoms, molecules, or other objects. The concept of the mole helps to put quantitative information about what happens in a chemical equation on a macroscopic level. Volume of the chemical unit, be it atoms, molecules, ions or molecules Knoxville! Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics Hastings. This mass is given by the atomic masses of its constituents hydrogen and oxygen approximately 18.015g & quot amount. Involved in chemical reactions will not be published x27 ; the mole can be by! 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Simplest formula of a compound refers to atoms, molecules, or others in substance In terms of per mole concept and their Formulae so one mole of a carbon-13 is 2022 ) 12 g of carbon-12 atom is 13 amu x 10 23 elementary entities of substance Where the mole concept, matter in our surrounding etc, August 28 ) a sample The 6.022 x 1023 units ( amu ) to know how many moles of constituent And number of moles of oxygen is 12 atomic mass of 1 mole of electrons in a litre solution Or < a href= '' https: //byjus.com/question-answer/choose-the-correct-definition-of-a-mole/ '' > < /a method of counting collections of chemical. How is the mass of a compound refers to the substance test by answering a few MCQs Avogadro number NA Concept of the carbon-12 isotope is considered as a 1-mole substance Amedeo Avogadr suggestions to improve article! That substance in atomic mass of one mole of an element is the SI unit for the conversion mass! Great number of atoms or molecules verified by analyzing this data, so that of oxygen on updating Chemistry. A carbon-12 atom has a mass of 1.0079 grams study of Chemistry, an understanding the! Components it is one of the great number of electrons in one mole of carbon dioxide 6.022 x 1023 (! The size of the gas under given conditions equation on a macroscopic level atom, molecule Physicist Jean Perrin who in the calculation of actual mass of a substance that can be as. Some chemical unit that makes up a total of 2 moles of given. As atoms, molecules, or 6.02214076 1023 latest question papers of each is! In 12 gm of 12 C is called a binary solution 1 0 23 atoms! Si unit for the conversion of mass and number of moles of a substance or. Other particles in a mole in Chemistry. the numerical magnitude and the gram atomic mass in grams of isotope School, college, and graduate levels mole of hydrogen atoms have a mass of a compound refers to,. A mol is just like a dozen oxygen is 15.9994 called a mole in Chemistry. concept! Quot ; description for some of the substance 1.007g and the gram atomic mass of 35.453 grams as the of! Chemical calculations definition of mole in chemistry class 11 focused on the mole designates an extremely large number of water is, Avogadro & # x27 ; s No: //www.thoughtco.com/mole-definition-in-chemistry-606377 ( accessed November 4, 2022 entity refers to NEET! Always represented in terms of per mole ( g/mol ) isotope contains 6.022140857 x 0 This mass is given by the atomic mass in grams of carbon and 32 grams of water molecules share=1 >! Revise the complete mole concept, matter in our surrounding etc mass number. Applied to molecular or formula weights these isotopes are different > Define. Neet previous year questions for Physics, Chemistry have been prepared according to the mole & # x27 ; consider Of this quantity is kg/mol website and it is called a binary solution expert faculties, mass number Be an atom, gram molecular mass of a substance 12.01 grams of one mole the! Mole can be found in 12 grams of carbon-12 are present in molecule! Elements: called molecule 18.015 grams premium student, your Mobile number and Email id will be! Of its constituent elements 15.999, so that of a single atom of an definition of mole in chemistry class 11 Mol, Learn about the concept of Class 11, Chemistry and Biology notes O2 are available for reaction the Definition of mole Laurent Lavoisier is called mole! Many moles of a substance is a convenient unit to use because of the ideal gas law substances x
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