Hammer, known for his decades of work with the Occidental Petroleum Corporation, had spoken with Gorbachev prior to leaving and was carrying with him $1 million in relief funds. In support of the relief effort, recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake. Two-thirds of the victims were under 18. And unfortunately, without food or water and the increasingly cold weather of winter, the death toll climbed steadily despite the rescue efforts. Credit: NGDC/NOAA. He learned of the quake via a telegram from British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher describing the situation, conveying sympathy and offering aid. Spitak, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, has been completely destroyed and cannot be rebuilt - a new city will have to be built over the wreckage. Overall, 342 villages and 11 cities were damaged. It was followed four minutes later by a magnitude-5.9 aftershock; together these quakes caused extensive damage across a 400-square-kilometer area. The purpose of this compilation--which was developed as a cooperative effort between centers in Russia and the United States--is to provide seismologists around the world with a complete set of data for the devastating earthquake that occurred in Armenia on December 7, 1988. Mkhitarian said that 130 factories were destroyed and 170,000 people were out of work. Few seismologists thought an earthquake as powerful as the one in 1988 was possible in the region, according to a 1989 review paper published in Nature. All images below are submissions to the World Bank/GFDRR "Building Disaster Resilience Across Armenia" photo contest, held 30 years after the 1988 Spitak Earthquake, and in tribute to the resilience of the Armenian people affected by this devastating event. The disaster has led to an unprecedented level of openness by the Soviet authorities as they struggle to cope with the devastation. Updated Aug 27, 2022 12:45 GMT - just now. . Much of the medications that were sent to Armenia were also "past their expiry date and therefore unusable.". 3 years ago 4.2 magnitude, 10 km depth. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external DCF77 time signal, and stored on magnetic tape. Twelve thousand families remain displaced as a result of the earthquake after new cities, started by Moscow in 1989, have remained half-built. The goal was to provide seismologists around the world with a complete set of data for the devastating earthquake. Hundreds of local medical workers were also injured and killed, and more than "500 medical institutions" were destroyed, making it extremely difficult to treat those who were injured and get first aid to the site on time. Welcome to Size - Explorer The first FREE portal which is able to compare COVID-19 Virus stats, bombs, buildings, helicopters, airplanes, cities, countries, continents and planets in an userfriendly interface Are you ready? Not subject to copyright protection within the United States. As it would later be known, according to various estimates the final statistics of the death reached 38.000. An earthquake registering 6.9 on the Richter scale hit the northern part of the Armenian Republic of the So- viet Union at 11:41 a.m. on 7 December 1988. The mainshock produced surface rupture and propagated to the west with a separate strike-slip sub-event occurring two seconds later that propagated to the southeast. In pictures: 25th anniversary of Armenian earthquake, Commemorative coin from the Soviet Union - 3 Roubles 1989, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_Armenian_earthquake&oldid=1119783775, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:28. A lack of cranes hindered rescue efforts in the days after the Armenian earthquake. permission of the American Geosciences Institute is expressly The epicenter was in an industrial area of northern Armenia which housed a nuclear power plant, electrical substations and food and chemical industries. In Leninakan, there was a need for 18 new hospitals, 12 of which could be funded with the assistance of the republics of the Soviet Union, but foreign help would be required to build six additional facilities. "Spitak (official trailer):" Commissioned by Aleksandr Kott in 2018 for his requiem film "Spitak;" Serj Tankian created a soundtrack with a mix of piano, strings, and the sounds of cranes and machinery used in rescue operations. With its epicenter located in the town of Spitak, the northwestern region of Armenia shook for approximately 30 seconds. Mikhail Gorbachev was in New York on his first day of visits with Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush at the time of the earthquake, and once the scale of the disaster was realized, a quick departure was made back to Armenia, with the Kremlin formally asking for American help. In northern Armenia, the 600-kilometer-long Lesser Caucasus Mountains experience north-south compression as the two plates converge, giving rise to seismic active in recent times: a magnitude-5 earthquake hit Spitak in 1967, a magnitude-5.7 earthquake struck Leninakan (now Gyumri) in 1926, and a magnitude-5.3 event hit Kirovakan in 1911. With the collapse of the Soviet Union three years later, reconstruction became even more of an arduous task. The destruction happened so fast that people thought the city had been bombed. The complex incident ruptured multiple faults, with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock. Even decades later, about 500 victims of the earthquake remain living in what was intended to be temporary, makeshift housing. [30] Nikolai Ryzhkov, the then Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was awarded the National Hero of Armenia for his work in rebuilding the city following the earthquake. Almost 90% of schools were also lost. 1988 Spitak Earthquake Database. It took six weeks from the creation of the song to completion of the disc and with almost two million copies sold, the foundation was able to build 47 schools and three orphanages for the victims of the disaster. economy of the region was also in shambles, Journal of Emergency and Internal Medicine, The Earthquake of Spitak, Armenia, and Its Socio-economic Implications, Nagorno-Karabakh's annexation referendum in 1988, past their expiry date and therefore unusable. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated and would mirror characteristics of the local culture. Over 200 people required dialysis, but even though there were at least 100 dialysis machines, there was "no organized international support structure with appropriate training and deployment strategies." Anahit Harutyunyan. A quarter-century later, A.A. Nikonov (2003) generalized . Despite Cold War tensions, Gorbachev asked for humanitarian aid, a first for the Soviet Union. At the time, the population was around 200,000, of which there were an estimated 15,000-17,000 fatalities. In June 1679, an earthquake with an epicenter in Garni yielded aftershocks that lasted until October and at least 1,228 people died in the village of Kanaker. The relationship between the Soviet authorities and the Armenian society took a turn for the worse in March and the developments climaxed in November when a state of emergency was declared, along with a nighttime curfew, and a mass movement of up to 50,000 Armenians fleeing ethnic violence in events such as the Sumgait Pogrom arrived from Azerbaijan. At the age of 91 years old, Gorbachev is the longest-lived ruler . Participants had been previously evaluated in 1991. The country had no disaster contingency plans and rescue efforts were disorganized, which led to more deaths. Armradio - December 7 marks the 33rd anniversary of the devastating earthquake in Spitak. Among these were the creation, in 1991, of the country's first Emergency Management Administration and the National Service for Seismic Protection. The negative effect the earthquake had on the economy of Armenia was apparent. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. "The Armenian earthquake was the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union," said Tatul Sonentz-Papazian, who helped coordinate rescue efforts in 1988 for the Massachusetts-based Armenian Relief Society. According to "The 1988 Earthquake in Soviet Armenia," upwards of 30% of people received "no on-site medical assistance" and many were taken to hospitals in Soviet Georgia or unaffected parts of Armenia. The delegation traveled to Armenia to commemorate the 30 th anniversary of the devastating Spitak earthquake and to pay their respects to the Armenian people. Thirty years ago this month, on Dec. 7, 1988, a magnitude-6.8 earthquake shook the northern region of the then-Soviet republic of Armenia. A population of 3.6 million lives in . While Western media portrayed the Soviet relief operation as inadequate and reflective of the "wider failures of the Soviet system," international relief efforts can be considered to have been equally inadequate due to the non-compatible medical equipment and out-of-date medications supplied. However, as of 2020, thousands of peoplein the region still live in the temporary shelters provided in the aftermath of the earthquake. . In one elementary school alone, 400 children were killed. 1988: Death toll rises in Armenian earthquake, 1961: Apartheid attacked at Nobel ceremony. In 735 A.D., the Vayots Dzor Province was struck by an earthquake with aftershocks that lasted for 40 days. Five tonnes of clothes have already been collected by Aid Armenia based in Britain. Vahagn and his friends arrived in Gyumri to find the city in ruins. The town had a population under 19,000, but after the earthquake, the town no longer existed. Crush syndrome, which occurs when damaged tissues release toxins and alter blood chemistry leading to renal failure, is a common cause of death in large earthquakes. On this day December 7 th, in 1988, an earthquake hit Spitak with a magnitude of 7.1, which destroyed the entire town, though much of this was blamed on the poor structural quality of many of the buildings. President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev was in New York City when he received a telegram from British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher describing what had happened and offering sympathy and aid. the contents of this service without the expressed written Predictors distinguishing chronic depression included earthquake-related nuclear-family deaths (OR=3.79), chronic illnesses at baseline (OR=1.24 . Relief didnt just come from the U.S. India sent a 42-member medical team, France sent 200 rescue workers and doctors, Cuba sent blood donations and Pope John Paul II contributed $100,000. [26], The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog seismometers that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Armenia is located on the Alpine-Himalayan belt, or the Alpide belt, which is a seismic belt that runs from the Alps to the Himalayas, formed out of the tectonic collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Arabian Plate, per Earth Magazine. On the 30th anniversary of the Spitak earthquake, survivors are marking not only an Armenian tragedy, but a pivotal event in Eurasian history. By the time the Soviet Union collapsed, less than 20% of the lost housing had been rebuilt. One of several reasons why so many buildings suffered so much damage is that the Soviet Union "had only one building code for the entire territory," regardless of whether or not the building was in a coastal or earthquake region. [11][14], The source of the event was a fault rupture 40 kilometers (25mi) south of the Caucasus Mountains, a mountain range that has been produced by the convergence of the Arabian and the Eurasian tectonic plates. Woman looks at her destroyed house, on December 11 in the devastated town of Spitak, after an earthquake hit Armenia, on December 7, 1988. December 7, 2021 victoriapavlov I will never forget December 7th, 1988. The 1988 earthquake ruptured along the western segment of the Pambak-Sevan thrust and fold belt in northern Armenia. 10 DECEMBER 1988. The Spitak earthquake caused considerably destruction in Armenia and multiple deaths (according to official data, about 25 000). Those who were killed on the plane were planning to join an estimated 20,000 soldiers and 85,000 civil defense workers in rescue efforts by searching for survivors, supplying food and water, and setting up sanitation facilities in the region. But the region had no historic record of seismic events above magnitude 5.7 and thus it had received little attention in seismic hazard studies. Labor crews that had come from other Soviet republics simply returned home "without fulfilling their commitments.". The range is situated along an active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event, including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture . America is sending medical aid and sniffer dogs capable of detecting survivors. Many consider the poor living conditions to be responsible for their health problems. [26], The epicenters of the recorded aftershocks formed a relatively narrow 50km (31mi) band. A group of French recording artists and actors came together with the French writer and composer Charles Aznavour to record the 1989 song "Pour toi Armnie" (For you Armenia). ", All of this resulted in a massive disruption of the reconstruction plans. [17], December 1988 earthquake in Armenian SSR, USSR. ", "Deaths and Injuries due to the Earthquake in Armenia A Cohort Approach", "Lessons and questions emerge from Armenian quake", "Armenia's Nuclear Risk; Antiquated Power Station to Be Reopened Despite Wide Concerns About Safety", "USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Earthquake Facts and Statistics Graphs", "Earthquake Hazards Program: Largest and Deadliest Earthquakes by Year", "All the deadliest and strongest earthquakes since 1900, including coordinates", "6 Found Alive in Armenia 35 Days After Quake", "Fake News, Soviet-Style: The Armenian Earthquake Rescue That Was Too Good To Be True", "Russia 'Concerned' About Armenian Protests Of Foreign-Language Schools", "Soviet Relief Plane Crashes, Killing 78", "Yugoslav Pilots Blamed in Crash of Quake Relief Plane", "Story of Charles Aznavour's "For you Armenia", "Soviet Union: When the Earth Shook A killer quake devastates Armenia, and the West responds with unprecedented aid", "Faucets, Not Hospitals: Armenia Aid Gets Back to the Basics", "In Armenia, Revival the American Way; U.S. Architects Plan an Earthquake-Resistant Spitak", "Out of Earthquake's Rubble Rises Soviet-U.S. Teamwork", "The Spitak (Armenia) earthquake of 7 December 1988: field observations, seismology and tectonics", "Geometry, segmentation and stress regime of the Spitak (Armenia) earthquake from the analysis of the aftershock sequence", "Earthquake of 7 December 1988, Spitak, Armenia report of the NZNSEE team visit of 1989", Earthquake Damage, the Armenian SSR, December 7, 1988, On this day 1988: Death toll rises in Armenian earthquake, Rescue efforts underway after earthquake strikes the Soviet republic of Armenia. More than 25,000 people were reported dead from the earthquake and 130,000 were left injured. And according to "The Earthquake of Spitak, Armenia, and Its Socio-economic Implications," by the next year, with the fall of the Soviet Union, the goal of reconstruction by 1998 was once again postponed since the newly independent Armenia realized that it simply couldn't keep the reconstruction program on track. Unfortunately, despite the outpouring of humanitarian aid that the Soviet Union received, Soviet authorities were poorly organized, and as a result, foreign rescue and relief efforts were delayed in their attempts to get to injured people. This earthquake was unique both in catastrophic effects and in study coverage. According to Reuters, in 2008, the President Serzh Sarksyan pledged that rehousing and rebuilding the region would be complete by 2012, but the government keeps claiming delays due to "technical difficulties." If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. Aftershocks continued in the area for months, some as large as magnitude 5.0. With average winter temperatures of 14 degrees Fahrenheit, residents in Gyumri have to use small portable stoves to keep warm. Despite Cold War tensions, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who was in the U.S. on the day of the quake visiting the United Nations and meeting with President Ronald Reagan, asked for humanitarian aid from the United States within days of the event. The temblor destroyed cities and is estimated to have killed between 25,000 and 35,000 people, many of whom were schoolchildren. Siranush Ghazanchyan December 7, 2021, 11:34. International media reports noted criticism of the Soviet Union for its slow response and lack of preparedness. At least 25,000 people lost their lives in a tremor of moderate magnitude and the USSR suffered a loss of more than 2.5 per cent of 1988's GDP. December 7 marks the 33rd anniversary of the devastating earthquake in Spitak. According to official government reports, the number of deaths due to the earthquake was approximately 25,000. Credit: NGDC/NOAA. While foreign doctors did assist with the Chernobyl incident, the Soviet relief effort after the earthquake was augmented by the largest foreign cooperation since World War II. Moving westward closer to the central segments though, a transition of the fault type was becoming apparent, where an almost equal distribution of reverse fault mechanisms was observed as the strike-slip type. We need foreign assistanceand there is no doubt about thatbut our friends do not know the local conditions and propose things that cannot or should not be built in an earthquake-prone region. When muscles get crushed, their cells start to leak and die, and their contents, including potassium and myoglobin, start to build up. The 1988 Spitak Earthquake database is an extensive collection of geophysical and geological data, maps, charts, images and descriptive text pertaining to the catastrophic earthquake in Armenia. The work of the Armenian nuclear power plant was stopped . According to The New York Times, most of the medical assistance that was sent for the earthquake, unfortunately, ended up being "of little value. Browse 194 spitak earthquake stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. [28], Three locations between Spitak and Nalband (to the west) that were within several kilometers of the fault were examined for ground disturbances and each site was scrutinized for the effects of liquefaction. Despite tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States as a result of the Cold War, according to The Washington Post, in response to the earthquake, the Soviet Union asked for and received aid from the United States. Spitak, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, has been completely destroyed and cannot be rebuilt - a new city will . Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured. WASHINGTON On December 7, 1988, after learning about the earthquake in Armenia, then leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev interrupted his visit to the United States to fly back to the USSR. (DSRS and CPTSD-RI) and earthquake-related sibling death. This earthquake was unique both in catastrophic effects and in study coverage. The strength of the earthquake. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; . [41][42], The Tsaghkadzor earthquake on October 20, 1827, was centered about 50km (31mi) southeast of Spitak and had a maximum intensity of VIII on the MedvedevSponheuerKarnik scale. The Soviet estimate of the deaths in the Armenia Earthquake exceeds 25,000, but unofficial estimates put this figure at 2 to 3 times this number, making it one of the worst natural disasters of this century. The cities of Spitak, Leninakan (Gyumri) and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) were greatly affected with large losses of life and devastating effects to buildings and other structures. "The earthquake was severe. Gorbachev set aside 5 billion rubles (about US$8 billion) in funds for a start on what would likely be a recovery cost that would exceed the cleanup bill for the 1986 nuclear and radiation accident in Ukraine. Research at the Martin Centre on the effe Armenian and international foundations have been primarily responsible for building over 20,000 apartments since 1988. The earthquake in Spitak caused great damage. Mental health studies have shown that many of the earthquake survivors still live with post-traumatic stress disorder. In Spitak, located 6.6 miles from the epicenter (population 30 000), the intensity of the earthquake was rated X ('Devastating') on the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik-64 (MSK-64) scale, with a death toll of 5000. Felt a quake? [36] Japan sent a monetary gift of $9 million while Italy had plans to build a prefabricated village for the victims, and West Germany offered to send more than a dozen heavy cranes. The earthquake's effects were assessed at ten on that seismic scale. [29], Avant-garde musician Pierre Schaeffer led a 498-member French rescue team to look for survivors in Leninakan, and worked there until all foreign personnel were asked to leave after the plan to bulldoze what was left of the ruins was formulated. bad) and 1988 (Spitak) earthquakes, together with lesser seismic events in between, caused over 160,000 deaths. However, according to EVN Report, at the time Gorbachev had a turbulent relationship with the Armenian people due to the Soviet Union's refusal to honor Nagorno-Karabakh's annexation referendum in 1988. Going westward the fault split into two branches, a north-dipping reverse fault (north branch) and a right slip fault (south branch), but neither produced surface rupture. The Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, around 75km (47mi) from the epicenter, experienced only minor shaking and no damage occurred there, but was eventually closed for a period of six years due to vulnerability concerns. Depression was highly comorbid with anxiety (62.0%) and PTSD (36.8%). This earthquake was unique both in catastrophic effects and in study coverage. The epicenter was in the city of Spitak and surrounding . The paper also stated that too many Soviet personnel were giving advice and not enough people were actually searching. Credit: National Archives. Click here for all copyright requests. By the end of 1988, there were practically no Muslims (Turks or Kurds) left in Armenia. While on-site during aftershock monitoring, the US research team verified the presence of soil amplification effects when pronounced differences in readings were observed when compared with nearby rock sites. What Really Happened With That Huge Earthquake In Armenia? Gorbachev cut short his trip to fly back to Moscow. The first well-documented case of liquefaction in gravelly sands was in regard to the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake in the United States. The earthquake left deep scars on the land, as well as on the lives of survivors. Over 80% of the five-story buildings and over 85% of the nine-story buildings collapsed as a result. Twenty-five thousand [23], In late December the last of the survivors that were able to be extricated were pulled from the fallen buildings, rescue operations ceased, and the cleanup began, beginning with the destruction of buildings that were too heavily damaged to be repaired. He conveyed words of sympathy and support to all countrymen who lost . According to EVN Report, some of the delay was caused by "local bureaucracy wait[ing] for orders from the top." On December 7, 1988 at 11:41 am local time (07:41 UTC/GMT), an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale struck the northern Armenia. And although there are over 400 homeless people on the waiting list for housing, there are over 3,000 people who aren't even on the waiting list. The town of Spitak was demolished; the nearby towns of Kirovakan and Leninakan also experienced heavy destruction, while rumbles were felt in Azerbaijan and Georgia. Several planes would be circling simultaneously, waiting for permission to land. On Dec. 10, three days after the quake, three cargo planes carrying U.S. medical supplies and rescue teams, including dogs trained to sniff out survivors buried in the rubble, left Washington, D.C., and a military base in Italy, headed for the Armenian capital of Yerevan, about 100 kilometers from Spitak. While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel, and a transport plane from Yugoslavia, were both destroyed in separate incidents. Based on the initial estimates by the local authorities, the death toll might be up to 50 000. The 1988 earthquake in Armenia was the most serious seismic disaster since the 1976 earthquake in Tangshan, China. At least 259 aftershocks were recorded from December 22nd to January 1st, 1989. Credit: LoMit, CC BY-SA 4.0. Over the last two weeks, the hearts of the American people have gone out to the people of Armenia as they grappled with the earthquake disaster and its aftermath, said President Reagan in a Dec. 22 speech in the White House. Spitak Earthquake. "Boy in the Window" - a young boy outside a damaged home near Spitak, Armenia. Along the western segments, the fault split into two branches with one to the southwest and the other to the northwest. Over a quarter of a century later the traces of the earthquake in Spitak are still visible. Nine crew and 69 military personnel were on board the plane that struck a helicopter in foggy conditions at the small airport that was overrun with rescue flights. Coupled with non-compatible medical equipment, the relief effort mostly just exposed the poor planning and flaws when it came to international humanitarian aid. On this day, the Spitak earthquake took away more than 25,000 lives, and 150,000 were injured. For the fifteen months prior to the earthquake and at times up to hundreds of thousands of protesters, represented by the Karabakh Committee, were demanding both democracy and the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh (administered by Soviet Azerbaijan but disputed autonomous territory with a 76% Armenian majority and a 23% Azerbaijani minority in 1989)[13] in the mountains of the Karabakh region. In some of the cities, the loss of medical staff numbered between 70% to 80%. All the hospitals around Spitak were destroyed, and 80 percent of medical personnel were killed. The east-central segment coincided with the surface breaks between Spitak and Gekhasar, while the west-central portion's break was concealed under an anticline and was not visible at the surface. By mid-January it was clear that Spitak, the epicenter of the earthquake, "will never rise again on its present site." A local official called the city the Armenian Pompeii. Of the estimated 20,000 residents some 4,500 were killed in the earthquake. It was 11:41 a.m. when the first, more powerful, earthquake. [19], The Soviet news media and government officials soon began to discuss the apparent substandard construction styles that had caused so many of Armenia's buildings to collapse. A monument, Armenian Earthquake, expressing the appreciation of the Armenian people for assistance from the U.S. was erected in Washington, D.C. in 1990. Four minutes later, a magnitude 5.9 aftershock hit. [32], A second air transport incident occurred the following day at Yerevan (capital of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) when an Antonov An-12 from Yugoslavia crashed, killing all seven crew on board. Factors positively associated with depression score included number of stressful life events (95% CI 0.33, 1.20), poor self-rated health (95% CI 2.45, 5.40), earthquake-related deaths in the family (95% CI 0.12, 3.80), and strong phobia and fear at baseline (95% CI 0.51, 2.96). Many case histories pertaining to liquefaction in sandy soil exist, but few exist with respect to gravel and gravelly sands. Officials acknowledged that the work to complete the rebuilding may take up to five years or longer, a supposition that more than doubled Gorbachev's estimate of two years. A geographically stratified subsample of 725 adults exposed to the Spitak earthquake was assessed for depression using DSM-III-R criteria in 1991 and 2012. . Today, Sputnik News claims "half of Armenia was wiped out in 30 seconds" by the quake and its 5.8 magnitude sister tremor, and that 25,000 people died (4) (though some likely inflated estimates are as high as 60,000 killed). According to Radio Free Europe, a story published in January 1989 about six men being found 35 days after the earthquake, surviving on canned pickles and fruits, ended up being too good to be true. India has sent clothes and blankets while Britain is transporting excavating equipment. The Spitak earthquake, with a magnitude of up to 9 on the Richter scale, lasted barely half a minute, but that was long enough to destroy half of the Armenian SSR.

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