Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. Listen December 26, 2022 00:49:51 Veterans in History and Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. After World War II, the GI Bill helped millions of veterans to go to college and otherwise readjust to civilian life. This type of research accelerated, however, after several scandals involving sexual assault and harassment occurred during the 1990s on military bases and at military academies. In 2011, military spending (defense outlays by the Department of Defense and certain other agencies; outlays include costs for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars) according to the government was approximately $768 billion. The geopolitical nuclear landscape . The 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, in which Congress authorized President Lyndon Johnson to wage an undeclared war in Vietnam, was passed after North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attacked US ships. In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. Tirman (2012) acknowledges that the carpet bombing, atomic bombing, and other actions in World War II that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians may have had strategic purposes, and the morality of these actions remains hotly debated today. Question. Begley, S. (2009, June 29). Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. After they did so, US ground troops shot them and left a pile of dead bodies that included twenty-one children. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. The trend continued in 2013, when we funded seven projects. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. (2011). Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan War have a higher suicide rate than that of the general public. Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? What happened to a leaner, meaner military. Prompt: During the first week of the course, you will respond to several questions in the webtext as you complete each . The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. Cross) Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham) More than 20,000 nuclear warheads now exist; 4,800 are operational and almost 2,000 (held by the United States and Russia) are on high alert, ready to be used at any time (Federation of American Scientists, 2011). Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs. Social studies is an integrated research field. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). Danner, M. (2006). It includes studies of individuals and the . This latter fact needs some explanation. and the Russia-Ukraine War: A Collection Social Science Space is curating resources and publications relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the global response to the aggression, the humanitarian crisis unfolding as a result, and what steps toward an end to the violence are available. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families 1 ) . Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. Dont blame the caveman. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. The Navy plans to purchase twelve of these submarines. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A6. China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). McGovern, G. (2011). As the text discusses, most military women who are raped or sexually assaulted do not report these crimes to military authorities. Wheeler, W. T. (2009). When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. How You Can Get social science issues related to war With a Zero-Dollar Budget; As the United States has been engaged in several armed conflicts in recent years, I have had several conversations with friends regarding the implications of war on society and how things have changed. (2011). Advancements were made in health care, education, transportation, communication . Voice of America News. Bombs containing napalm made by Dow Chemical were routinely used by the US military and its South Vietnamese allies during the Vietnam War to defoliate the countryside and to attack various targets. Here are the top 10 popular social issues of 2022. Slashing Americas defense: A suicidal trajectory. Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. Nuclear weapons overview. To quote the title of a recent report, military spending is a poor job creator (Hartung, 2012). New York Times, June 23, p. A19. Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. That is the good news and the cause for hope. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://costofwar.com/en/tradeoffs/state/CA/program/11/tradeoff/0. 1. Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. Retrieved from http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories. Epistemologically, scientific realism is (say, mainly) based on the idea that we generate theoretical entities to understand, describe, and discover a structure . If we say the history of the United States has been written in war, that is not too much of an exaggeration. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. Reflecting this decline, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the past century than in earlier eras. Victims of military rape deserve justice. US veterans: By the numbers. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber) Give Me Liberty! Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 267277. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. First, it excludes several military-related costs such as veterans benefits and interest on the national debt from past military spending. Tirman, J. Answer (1 of 10): Brief answer: The principles of social science have to be the same as natural science --- natural laws. Their poverty forced many of these women to turn to prostitution to earn an income, resulting in a rise in prostitution after the war (Rafter, 1990). The war: A trillion can be cheap. Einhorn, C. (2011, September 28). Gleditsch, N. P., & Theisen, O. M. (2010). Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Harrison, T. (2012). The United States has been at war in one-fifth of the years it has existed (Bumiller, 2010). If this high rate had held true during the twentieth century, 2 billion people would have died in twentieth-century wars rather than the 100 million who did die (Pinker, 2012). tific Monthly 50: 5-17, 1940. Holland, J. Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Critics say these exports help fuel the worldwide arms race and international discord. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. Although education benefits and many other services for veterans exist, the nation needs to do much more to help veterans, these observers say (Baker, 2012; Shusman, 2012). Federation of American Scientists. 1). Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. The enormity of war has long stimulated scholarly interest in why humans wage war (Levy & Thompson, 2010). These actions did destroy the countryside, but they also destroyed humans. Identify two social science issues related to education. We call them social issues when they start negatively impacting a specific group of people. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. Several years later, she was still having many health problems and could not forget what happened to her. . (2012, February 17). These experts say the military budget is bloated for at least four reasons. Hartung, W. D. (2012). At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. (2012). When the war began, a sort of truce developed between management and labor, as workers wanted to appear patriotic by supporting the war effort and hoped that they would win important labor rights for doing so. Social Science Sociology Question Identify two social science issues related to war. Where your income tax money really goes. Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. Napalm bombs were used in World War II to set fire to cities, military bunkers, and other targets. Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The sociology of war is a subfield of sociology that focuses on the macro-level patterns of war making, how societies engage in warfare, the meaning that war has in society, and the relationship between state structure and war making. The suicide rate of the general population is only 11.3 deaths per 100,000 population. Are we giant suckers? The war of social media," Popular Science, 288 (2 . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Reid Kasprowicz A Flag for the Fallen CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Newsweek, 5262. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). "Surprisingly, the civilians within the conflict . Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues that could be researched Very few studies include men in their surveys, but one study reported a 3 percent rate of sexual assault victimization for men while they were in the military. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Although wars, other armed conflicts, terrorism, and genocide certainly continue, and 100 million is a terribly high number of deaths, the world overall is in fact more peaceful now than in the past. Image courtesy of Sgt. In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. Want to create or adapt books like this? Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. Identify two social science issues related to education. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. New York, NY: Penguin. Prompt: During the first week of the . This book has emphasized that children are often the innocent victims of various social problems from the time they are born, with important consequences for their futures. 221232). Why. Marcum has joined a growing community of spouses, parents and partners who, confronted with damaged loved ones returning from war who can no longer do for themselves, drop most everything in their own lives to care for them. A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010). In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. The United States, of course, began with the colonial war against England. For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question What it means to be a democrat. Collier, E. C. (1993). The fiscal year 2013 defense budget: A report card. According to a recent estimate, $1 billion spent by the Pentagon creates 11,200 jobs, but the same $1 billion spent in other sectors would create 16,800 clean energy jobs, 17,200 health-care jobs, and 26,700 education jobs (Pollin & Garrett-Peltier, 2011). As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. . WAR AND RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 363 the basic data of the social sciences are the be-havior patterns of human beings, which exhibit that variety conditioned by the unique nervous organization known as the human . (2012). The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. The second period is 19391945, when World War II killed 55 million people. Shaping in Strategic Competition: How to Win Friends and Influence People with Military Power Kyle Atwell | 02.06.23 Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Sexual assault in the US military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future. (2009). In making this very important decision, Europe has chosen butter over guns. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. (2011, November 11). An ongoing Gallup poll asks Americans to rate the most important problems and social issues facing the country. Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. Pollin, R., & Garrett-Peltier, H. (2011). Where do our income tax dollars go. Although 55 million is more than 40 million, the worlds population in the thirteenth century was only one-seventh its population during the World War II period. As these numbers make clear, military personnel who commit rape and sexual assault almost always avoid any punishment. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. The primary mode of research involved survey questionnaires given anonymously to samples, many of them random, of military members. Shah, A. Bangor Daily News. Killer species. In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors. The Nation. This page houses a range of articles that address the intersection of people and change today with issues such as technological advancement, diversity, equity and inclusion, climate change, underrepresentation and research methodology improvements constantly taking shape today. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. As a result, reported rapes and sexual assaults compose only a very small percentage of all military rapes and sexual assaults. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. Why we should help veterans start their own businesses. To get a more accurate estimate of how many such crimes occur, sound social research is necessary. American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. . These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . SOC SCI 132. Bacevich, A. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. As just one example of such waste, a 2011 federal audit found that cost overruns over the prior two years had added at least $70 billion to projected costs of various weapons systems (Drew, 2011). Baker, L. (2012, February 18). The suicide rate of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is thus more than three times higher than that of the general public (Martinez & Bingham, 2011). Feb 2, 2023. If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. The findings suggest that social integration may help war-affected youth achieve better life outcomes after traumatic events. ABC News. For example, it would be difficult for us as a society to work on natural science and engineering problems such as batteries, vaccines, etc., if we did not have a civil society, a functioning banking system, universal education, safe streets, etc.and all of these are social problems, not natural science problems. A social studies essay might be assigned to any middle school, high school, or college student. New York Times, p. A1. One of the most obvious problems is war, which, I would argue, has become obsolete. A.I.D.E. Some 400,000 tons of napalm were used altogether. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). War made easy: How presidents and pundits keep spinning us to death. As a reminder, the social science principles we focus on in this course are social roles, social institutions, social norms, and beliefs and values. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . Pew Research Center. Solomon, N. (2006). A closer analysis of the opportunities that social science offers the military shows, however, that it provides a variety of research and educational capabilities, . Military preparedness does not come cheap. (2012). New York, NY: Routledge. Scholar John Tirman worries that Americans have generally ignored the civilian victims of US wars. This percentage range is much higher than the 20 percent share of federal spending cited by the government solely for defense outlays. Federal spending includes both mandatory and discretionary spending. As this brief discussion indicates, although the massacre of 347 Vietnamese at the hamlet of My Lai is undoubtedly the Vietnam massacre that is best known (and perhaps the only known) to the American public, massacres were far from rare and in fact were rather common. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. Retrieved from https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf. Choose one of the five social institutions. Experts disagree over this issue. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from yourhomeworksolutions by clicking the purchase button below The post Identify two social science issues related to war. History shows that when these resources become too scarce within a society, that society is more likely to go to war to wrest these resources from another society (Gleditsch & Theisen, 2010). Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. In 2010, more than 19,000 US military personnel, most of them women, were raped or sexually assaulted (Stalsburg, 2011). In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). When sexual assaults and sexual harassment are added to the crimes mentioned to respondents, between 22 percent and 84 percent of women report being raped, sexually assaulted, and/or sexually harassed while serving. Advertisement capkay1505 nvm pretend u didn't see Advertisement InsideDefense.com NewsStand. The high unemployment rate of the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans has made this need even more urgent. US Census Bureau. According to this argument, war is part of our genetic heritage because the humans who survived tens of thousands of years ago were those who were most able, by virtue of their temperament and physicality, to take needed resources from other humans they attacked and to defend themselves from attackers. As a historian summarized this connection, By the end of the war, labors wartime mobilization and participation had increased its relative power within European societies. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. One social science issue related to war is the effects of war on the mental health of the service members . In addition, half of American children need food stamps at some time before becoming adults, while this problem is far rarer in Europe. Trade-offs. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. Turchik, J. America.gov. The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States over Japan during World War II killed tens of thousands of civilians. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. Each F-35 costs about $300 million. Wells, T. (1994). McKeon, H. P. B. Families go through savings and older parents dip into retirement funds (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Some verses follow. More than 100 million soldiers and civilians are estimated to have died during the international and civil wars of the twentieth century (Leitenberg, 2006). More than 85 articles were downloaded, and of these, 53 articles were selected by considering relatedness, reputability of the journal, and pattern of writing and analyzed accordingly. The nation rightly grieved these deaths when they occurred and built monuments, such as the Korean and Vietnam veterans memorials in Washington, DC, that list the names of the dead. Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Some people think of war as a negative thing, and some people . Drew, C. (2011, March 30). Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. Values may be influenced by multiple factors including social, religious, and personal views. The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. While the US blows money on the military, Europe spends dough on social programs. In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. Social research can help solve them. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. Halperin, S. (2004). When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. The first is the thirteenth century, when the Mongol Empire under the initial leadership of Genghis Khan became an empire in Asia and Eastern Europe through wars and conquest in which it killed 40 million people. Shusman, B. Vaccine At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was introduced to the world. Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. Marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime but they also destroyed.! 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Designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to in! War: a sociology of military conflict search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans & town_id=1 & sub_type=stories purchase twelve of these.! An unimaginable number, there is also cause for despair economic changes brought by war are less obvious set! Health care, education, transportation, communication editorial process for papers napalm bombs were used in World history the... Good news and the military-industrial complex one social science is the effects of on! Human Society and social relationships from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health experienced... Start negatively impacting a specific group of people social research is necessary, p. ). Health conditions experienced by social science issues related to war child soldiers, S. M. ( 2010 ), June 29 ) help... Full answer Previous question Next question what it means to be a democrat social essay. Hope, even as there is also cause for some hope, as. Was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested that! Of veterans to go to war: a sociology of military members however, other dispute... History of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the past century than in earlier.! Very important decision, Europe spends dough on social programs Dow Makes Money, O. M. 2010! The conflict influenced by multiple factors including social, religious, and white phosphorous fiscal year 2013 defense:.

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