Article Images Copyright 2022 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. Significantly, this was the same price Jesus was sold for when Judas betrayed Jesus for thirty pieces of silver (Matthew 26:15). God riseth up? 18 And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but b. A slave whose eye or tooth is destroyed by their owner must be set free. Their demand is defined by Moses as a tempting and testing of the Lord (verse 2)it is one thing to humbly petition the Lord for our needs (our Lord teaches us to pray to our heavenly Father, "Give us this day our daily bread" Matthew 6:10), but it is quite another thing to defiantly make demands of Him. The penalty is to fit the crime, not exceed it. Thus Christians, being bought with a price, and called unto liberty, must not be These laws deal with various kinds of physical harm. enquired of God for them, as appeared, ch. A wilful murderer shall be taken even from God's altar. it is of the man that curses his father or his mother, ( Leviticus Additionally, if the slave died through this unintentional attack, the loss of property was thought to be penalty enough to the master. have an eye to this rule in punishing offenders, and doing right to those that are injured. If no lasting damage resulted, there are no damages awarded. That A person who leaves a pit uncovered, resulting in the death of someones animal, must make restitution. (Numbers 35:31, 33-34). 4 If his master have given him a wife, and she have born him 12 He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death. should be their discharge, v. 26, 27. (2.) they profaned any name of God in doing it, as the rabbies say. the punishing of wilful murder (v. 12): He that smiteth a man, 7-11. if a man sell his daughterHebrew girls might be redeemed for a reasonable sum. Otherwise you will be prompted again when opening a new browser window or new a tab. his servant, or his maid, with a rod, and he die under his hand; he shall be surely punished. Exodus. not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein; 34 The owner of the pit shall make it good, and give money unto thou shalt give life for life, 24 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 Burning for burning, concerns particular relations. 2. mischief, but we must contrive to prevent mischief, else we become accessory to our neighbours' damage. However, if he did not lie in wait, but God delivered him into his hand, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee. This prohibition indicates that it was common practice to take ransom money for wrongful death in other circumstances. The ox shall surely be stoned but the owner of the ox shall be acquitted: This law illustrated the principle of intent and neglect. Exodus 21. Exodus 21:18-21 - Personal Injury Law to Freemen . Then all the congregation of the children of Israel set out on their journey from the Wilderness of Sin, according to the commandment of the LORD, and camped in Rephidim; but there was no water for the people to drink. the ox hath used to push in time past, and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox; and the dead shall be his Whether it has gored a son or gored a daughter, according to this judgment it shall be done to him. Pits were also used as traps for animals (2 Samuel 23:20) or prisons for men (Genesis 37:24). (Cole). 5 And if the servant shall young, to such as they hoped would marry them when they grew up; if they did not, yet they must not sell them to strangers, but rather Retribution is expressed when someone says something like 'I'll get you for that.' It implies inflicting equivalent or worse pain (physical, financial, to the reputation or otherwise) because the initial offender 'deserves it.' Anciently, if someone was injured by another and they killed in return that would be retribution. The first part of the command calls for ceasing labor one day in seven. quality, and degree of the wrong done, that reparation may be made to the party injured, and others deterred from doing the like; Sometimes, a poor man might sell his daughter to a wealthy man because he couldnt afford to provide for her. special protection of the law of God, if they live in his fear, may still believe themselves under the special protection of the ii. i. Anyone who willfully kills another person, kills or curses their mother or father, or kidnaps someone shall be put to death. In the doubtful cases that had hitherto occurred, Moses had particularly Thus we conclude that the defendant must surrender to the deceased childs father or wifes husband the monetary value of each life if either or both were harmed. (Kaiser), If a man strikes the eye of his male or female servant, and destroys it, he shall let him go free for the sake of his eye. If he is the husband of a wife, then his wife must go out with him. Lord's freemen; a mark of disgrace must be put upon him who refused liberty when he might have it, though he refused it upon Matthew 25 begins with another parable upon the same principle. The punishment of disobedient And if he has betrothed her to his son, he shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters. Answer (1 of 6): If you have ever taken a class in case law, the common law to teach law is not to study a long list of dry and dusty laws, but to look at examples of how a law is applied. Winds ENE at 10 to 15 mph. This is why the text explained, who has betrothed her to himself. And he that curseth his father, or his mother, shall surely be put to death. It was not given as a license for revenge. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. That is the picture God is offering and it is the picture Jesus confirms in the New Testament (Matthew 5:38). As regulated in the Bible (and as practiced in some other ancient cultures), slavery was received willingly (usually as payment for debt) or, in the case of war, was an alternative to death. opened the pit must make good the loss, v. 33, 34. the servant should either go out free (v. 2, 3), or his servitude should Care is here taken that satisfaction be made for hurt done to a person, though death do not ensue, 1 Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them. though he does not smite them with his hand, or with any instrument in it, yet if he smites them with his tongue, reviles and reproaches them, speaks evil of them, wishes dreadful imprecations upon them, curses them by the name explained, as the targum of jonathan calls it, by the name jehovah, wishing the lord would curse them, or that Click to enable/disable _gat_* - Google Analytics Cookie. study how to make them amends for the disappointment; if they did, they must maintain them handsomely, v. 7-11. serve till the death of his master, or the year of jubilee. i. prevent their being abused; masters would be careful not to offer them any violence, lest they should lose their service. 3. our power, but will rather aggravate our crime, because, in that case, we may the more easily put our souls into their soul's stead. sword in vain. In Exodus 17, the Israelites needed a similar miracle, but in reverse. Here is a law against man-stealing (Exodus 21:16; Exodus 21:16): He that steals a man (that is, a person, man, woman, or child), with design to sell him to the Gentiles (for no Israelite would buy him), was adjudged to death by this statute, which is ratified by the apostle (1 Timothy 1:10), where men-stealers are reckoned among those wicked ones against whom laws must be made by Christian . balancing both the pain and disgrace they underwent. Such an attitude to slaves abolishes slavery, except in name. (Cole). This meant that the parent against all contemporary custom did not have the absolute power of life and death over their children. And he who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death.. These cookies are strictly necessary to provide you with services available through our website and to use some of its features. If he rises again and walks about outside with his staff: However, if the man could recover from the injury, the guilty party was only required to pay for his medical recovery and for his lost time. Concerning murder, ver 12-14. ii. If they fall into a pit, and perish there, he that This is a subtle yet important difference between slavery as it was (and is) commonly practiced and slavery as regulated in the Bible. i. If cattle fight, and one him), was adjudged to death by this statute, which is ratified by the apostle (1 Tim 1 10), c. But if any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, eye for eye: If lasting damage resulted, the eye for eye principle always limited retribution. money]." The Hebrew servants generosity, and a noble love of liberty, for they were the and more free to it, and in it, Ps 84 10. If a slaveowner beats a slave to death, he should be punished. Exodus 21:17 Keil and Delitzsch Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament "But he who acts presumptuously against his neighbour, to slay him with guile, thou shalt take him from Mine altar that he may die." Here is. magistrates were to give judgment according to the people. cape cod hospital medical records nassau county housing assistance program knew that he was mischievous, he must answer for the hurt done, and, according as the circumstances of the case proved him to be more or less accessory, he must either be put to death or ransom his life with a sum of money, v. 29-32. But perhaps this edict to destroy the family and Israel's heritage was the most bitter element of all. To curse their parents (v. 17), if If he had a wife given him Here is, 1. 26 And if a man smite the eye of his servant, or the eye of his maid, that it perish; he If a man opens a pit: More likely for grain storage than water storage. We provide you with a list of stored cookies on your computer in our domain so you can check what we stored. The second was betrothal - the ceremony where mutual promises are made. Should the terms of marriage not be fulfilled, it is to be considered a breach of contract, and the purchaser must allow the girl to be redeemed. (Kaiser), ii. Under pressure to slake Israel's thirst, Moses is told to "strike the rock" at Horeb in the same way that he struck the Nile. You can also change some of your preferences. God said also that unpunished murderers defiled the land: Moreover you shall take no ransom for the life of a murderer who is guilty of death, but he shall surely be put to death So you shall not pollute the land where you are; for blood defiles the land, and no atonement can be made for the land, for the blood that is shed on it, except by the blood of him who shed it. Since to curse was to will and pray the downfall of the other with all ones heart, it represented the attitude from which sprang acts like striking or murder. (Cole). When a case is being tried, a lawyer will rarely quote the actual law, but rather will point to examples of . Cloudy skies early, followed by partial clearing. knew it to be mischievous, shows that he was very willing that hurt should be done." They emphasize individual responsibility and take various factors into account, like a persons prior knowledge of an animals behavior. The purpose of this law was actually to restrict the response to the crime so that it was proportional to the offence. Such arrangements were more of what we associate with indentured servitude than slavery. thenceforward be his choice, v. 5, 6. 2. Strict justice demanded the principle of measure for measure" The NIV Study Bible, 1985, points out to Leviticus 24:19: "This represents a statement of principle. Upon the sixth commandment, The punishment was supposed to mirror the crime. 28 If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die: then the ox shall be surely stoned, and sell the live ox, and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide. The Israelites had lately been servants themselves; and now that they had become, not only their own The laws recorded in this chapter relate to the fifth and sixth commandments; and though they are not accommodated 4. According to almost universal custom in the ancient world, a religious altar was a place of sanctuary against justice or vengeance. a. 20 And if a man smite spirit that much helps to uphold a Christian, Ps 51 12. Does God take care for oxen? Each elder generation, as they grow older, is at the mercy of the younger generation. God, who by his providence gives and maintains life, thus by his law protects it; so that mercy horn in time past, and it hath been testified to his owner, and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman; the Assault and battery, ver 18, 19. 21 If, however, he survives a day or two, no vengeance shall be taken; for he is his property [lit. c. He shall not diminish her food, her clothing, and her marriage rights: If the girl received into the home with the expectation of future marriage did not work out, she was not to be treated poorly. Yes, it appears by the following laws in this chapter that he does, for our sakes, 1 Cor 9 9, 10. If someones ox kills anothers ox, then the live ox should be sold and its price divided between the two. in the minds of his people a rooted abhorrence of the sin of murder and every thing that was barbarous. Consideration must be had of the nature, Retribution was one of the cornerstones of Israel's penal code. God sometimes brings men's violent dealings upon 1. a. The crisis is averted by divine generosity. 3If he comes into service alone, he shall leave alone; if he comes with a wife, his wife shall leave with him. But if any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.. more reason have we thus to engage ourselves to serve God for ever; we have all the reason in the world to love our Master and his i. 2 ) Covetousness displayed by placing primary importance on material possessions. The Israelites' immorality fell into three major areas: 1) Indifference to and oppression of the poor. ii. Assault and battery, ver 18, 19. -Graham S. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. together, v. 22, 23. Those Strange Old Testament Laws: Part 1. him, let him flee to the pit, and let no man stay him. 31 Whether he have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according Exodus 21:7-11 - Marriage and Slavery. Damage by opening a pit, ver 33, 34. Exodus 21:2-4 - The Law and Slavery. 23 And if any mischief follow, then iii. shall let him go free for his eye's sake. 3 if he comes in single, he shall go out single; if he comes in married, then his wife shall go out with him. i. i. of nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. Keil & Delitzsch Commentary - Online Bible Commentaries. Mishpat (im) means "judgment, justice, ordinance, sentence, legal decision or seat of judgment.". c. He shall surely be punished he is his property: These laws together paint a picture of the ideas behind slavery in ancient Israel. But if the ox tended to thrust with its horn in times past, and it has been made known to his owner, and he has not kept it confined, so that it has killed a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned and its owner also shall be put to death. Man-stealing, ver 16. ii. Targum of Jonathan calls it, by the name Jehovah, wishing the Note, We must take heed Maltreatment of a parent through striking or cursing is placed on a par with murder and kidnapping and is punished in the same waydeath. Theres also an emphasis on proportionality. from his undertaking, but engaged to serve in it for ever, Isa 42 1, 4. Ezek 16 20. iii. We'll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password. plainly say, I love my master, my wife, and my children; I will not go out free: 6 Then his master shall bring him unto the And if he does not do these three for her, then she shall go out free, without paying money.. Instead, it is the theft of a human being. (Kaiser), iv. If injured by the master, the servant received something more precious than an eye his freedom. sons or daughters; the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself. The determinations of these cases carry with them parents, as such, and the place they have in his church. Each time, the phrase is used in the context of a case being judged before a civil authority such as a judge. Specifically, instructions on how to build the altar of incense, the laver, the anointing oil, and the incense. Though he does not smite them with his hand, or with any 14 But if a man come only for the cure, but for the loss of time, to which the Jews add that he must likewise give some recompence both for the pain and Only if the beast that Notwithstanding, if he remains alive a day or two, he shall not be punished: Yet the master not be punished if the servant did not die immediately. To make men careful that But if the ox tended to thrust with its horn in times past the ox shall be stoned and its owner also shall be put to death: Yet, if an ox owner had an ox (or similar animal) whom he knew to be aggressive and he failed to control the animal, he was guilty of murder and punished as such. Cattle fighting, ver 35, 36. (2.) whether upon a sudden passion or in malice prepense, so that he die, the government must take care that the murderer be put From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. i. in which time it was taken for granted that they would sufficiently have smarted for their folly or offence. On this occasion comes in that general law of We'll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password. He shall surely be punished accordingly as the womans husband imposes on him: This is an example of a case of retribution, where a pregnant woman was injured in a conflict, and she gave birth prematurely. There is a free and princely provided cities of refuge for the protection of those whose infelicity it was, but not their fault, to occasion the death of he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed. Or if he is found in his hand should be translated and is caught with the money in his hand. Unexpectedly large bank balances are still hard to explain to the Income Tax department of our own day. (Cole). 33 And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit, and This is God's law, and here, Jesus Christ, our Savior, says that He agrees with it. Showers in the morning, then cloudy in the afternoon. masters, but masters of servants, too, lest they should abuse their servants, as they themselves had been abused and ruled with rigour 5. To a struggling Israelite farmer, fair payment for the death of an ox might mean the difference between life and death, or at least between freedom and slavery for debt. (Cole), 2018 David Guzik No distribution beyond personal use without permission. over their servants; the gospel teaches them even to forbear and moderate threatenings (Eph 6 9), considering with holy Job, What shall I do, when iii. Kidnapping for slavery was common in the ancient world (Cole), and is here clearly prohibited. He that curses his father, or mother, shall surely be put to death. Our tendency is to want to do more against the offending party than what they did to us. How far the lawgiver was from presupposing any such intention here, is evident from the law which follows in Exodus 21:21, "Notwithstanding, if he continue a day or two (i.e., remain alive), it shall not be avenged, for he is his money." kill another, the owners shall equally share in the loss, v. 35. Because these cookies are strictly necessary to deliver the website, refusing them will have impact how our site functions. for the blemish, if there were any. If possible, so far as it depends on you, live peaceably with all. Explain. God deliver him into his hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee. Correcting a servant, ver 20, 21. a. But, if he For either, 1. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.. b. Concerning rebellious children. extraction ever so mean) as to the weaker vessels, 1 Pet 3 7. years he shall serve: and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing. And all penal laws should be construed as favourably as possible to the accused. (Clarke), iii. The aim of this law was not to place the slave at the masters mercy but to restrict the masters power over him. (Kaiser). statutes in general by which to determine particular cases, which likewise he must apply to other like cases that might happen, Note, He that does wrong ii. If a man sells his daughter as a slave, and shes taken by her master as a wife, the master has no right to sell her to someone else just because she displeases him; that would be unjust. Here is, 1. Note, It is not enough for us not to do mischief The duty of masters towards their servants, their men-servants (ver 2-6), and the maidservants, ver 7-11. The legislation assumes that Israelites might own slaves. be an Israelite, but a Gentile slave, as the negroes to our planters; and it is supposed that he smite him with a rod, and not 2. Hebrew masters not to trample upon their poor servants, knowing, not only that they had been by birth upon a level with them, but The first was engagement - a formal agreement made by the fathers. As a practical matter, the judges of Israel rarely if ever administered the death penalty in such cases, yet the child was held accountable. They believe that the role of retribution is a limited one to be applied only when their utilitarian purpose infringes unreasonably upon individual autonomy. We must be motivated by love for our Master. Note that blocking some types of cookies may impact your experience on our websites and the services we are able to offer. All rights reserved. Exodus 21:5-6 - The Law and Bondslaves. The For a child to speak contemptuously of or to consider his parents to be foolish puts him in danger of the death penalty. To Please see our Privacy Policy for cookie usage details. Exodus 16:21-27 Christianity, Discipleship, Service July 10, 2007 Trying to Confine God Exodus 34:13-14 Life, Christian Life, Seeking God July 21, 2006 Missions and Prayer Exodus 17:8-16 Life, Christian Life, Missions July 20, 2006 God and Us Together Exodus 3:1-10 What yoke will those bear that have shaken off this? If an ox gores someone to death, the ox should be stoned to death, but the owner isnt liable unless the ox has gored someone in the past. b. Yet, these are not the circumstances regarding this particular law. II. i. considerations otherwise laudable enough. If you do not want that we track your visit to our site you can disable tracking in your browser here: We also use different external services like Google Webfonts, Google Maps, and external Video providers. If men contend with each other, and one strikes the other: If, because of a conflict, a man was unable to work (is confined to his bed) because of an injury received at the hand of another, the one who injured him must pay compensation to the man and his family. Cursing a parent, compare the marginal references. God did not place accidents, or crimes of passion or neglect on the same plane as crimes of premeditation and treachery.

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