Grove N, Bunning K, Porter J and Olsson C. (1999). The all is data perspective requires many incidents to compare and saturate categories (Glaser, 2001). There is evidence that staff who work with people with PIMD frequently use complex language and plentiful verbal communications when interacting (Bradshaw, 2001). Grounded theory classifies data into four types, in descending order of accuracy these are: baseline data which is the participants best description of what he or she has to say, properline data, which is named when the participant tells what he/she thinks he or she is supposed to say. The persons state of mind influences how the person behaves. The theory of attuning offers a theoretical explanation of how people with severe or profound intellectual and multiple disability communicate with others. This had to be carried out in order to render as precise a written description of the data as possible. In all, over 200 memos were written. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Such minute changes in behaviours are virtually impossible to identify without using video (Nilsson, 2012). When the reaction changed, the influence of different variables in the setting could be identified as the cause. Weak Points are unique areas on some creatures that deal critical damage when hit. The Pragmatics of Human Communication. All communications and behaviours that were observed during the 25 minutes of video were logged into a narrative that encompassed the totality of observed behaviours of both participants in the dyad. Grounded theory is not concerned with describing the data but with identifying the patterns that are inherent in the data. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. It has been noted that the examination through the use of video of fine detailed nuanced expressions such as these, opens the way to the analysis of interactions and micro-behaviours that occur at other levels than that of the obvious activity that is evident in real time interaction (Nilsson, 2012). This was the process that is described thus in sorting, the analyst is constantly moving back and forth between memos and a potential outline working with it so everything fits (Glaser, 1978, p. 118). The fruit of this process was the fine-grained detail of incidents and sequences in behaviour that constituted the transcription and formed the basis for the data analysis. There is a danger in over reliance on descriptive data because the data may dominate the findings to the point that an accurate description of what happened emerges rather than a conceptual theory. Such complex communications are not likely to be understood by the person with PIMD. (1998). Thus, verbal interactions, non-verbal interactions, and all observable behaviours that were displayed by the participants in the dyads in the view of the camera constituted the data. Ware J (2003). Qualitative Research In Nursing. Video offered a possibility of examining these behaviours and those of the non-disabled partner in detail, with the consequence that the grounded theoretical analysis made it possible to identify the main concern of the participants. Through the constant comparison of the emergent categories, ideas were developed that explored emergent relationships between those categories and also between codes both within and between categories. Journal of the Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. I was aware of this danger and took active steps to avoid it by appropriate application of the constant comparative method. Such a situation leads to communication difficulties both for the person with PIMD and the people who do not have a disability but who may be related to the person with PIMD or may work to support them. Communication Disorders Quarterly. 2 179-214. Heacock P, Souter E and Chastian J.(1996). Cascella P. (2005). Two principles of communication: co-regulation and framing. Indicative behaviours. On paradigms and methods: what do you do when the ones you know dont do what you want them to? Lippincott. However, staff must interpret what they understand of the communications of the person with intellectual disability so that they can act as advocates and facilitators for them (Grove et al., 1999). Mill Valley. It seemed to me that such an assumption underpinned the identification of the main concern of the participants and how they resolved it. Using video methods in grounded theory research. In order to achieve this aim video recording was used. Target behaviours in unstructured interaction research. Once coding of the data commenced the codes were tracked by physically moving and amending hard copies of each code as the code evolved and as its location within the emerging theory became clear. The quality most clearly demonstrated by the analytic process was its precision. 12:190-203. In short, the verbal-behavioural data juncture may reveal accurate detailed description of the behaviour that is observed or it may not. Subjects, data and videotapes. People with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD) have an intelligence quotient below 25 points (American Psychiatric Association 2000). A need for a taxonomy for profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Schonfeld made a videotape of a case study of one student engaged in a graphic educational computer game that attempted to understand virtually all the actions taken in a problem session and the mental states that lay behind them (Schonfeld, 1992, p. 182). (1978). Detailed descriptions of every action, pose, posture, movement, gesture and vocalisation of the participants were made. All is data. Furthermore, it appeared that these virtues would facilitate the emergence of an accurate understanding of the patterns of behaviour that were embedded in the data. New York. (1984). London. As well as being non-verbal, people with this severe degree of disability have only a restricted capacity to communicate in any mode (Grove et al., 1999). Polity press. As explained above, the videotape was analyzed by running it at normal speed, running it slowly and running it frame by frame, where each frame encompassed the action of 1/24th of a second. Speziale H. and Carpenter D. (2007). (1991). Tizard Learning Disability Review. 26:156-162. Thus, it facilitated the emergence of a theory explaining how the participants met the main concern. From Isolation to Intimacy, Making Friends without Words. Some weapons come pre-augmented, such as the Mint Mace, Salt Morning Star, Spicy Coaltana, and . Mill Valley. BENEFITS. In view of the fact that these micro-communications were predominantly gestures, marginal vocalisations, alterations of eye gaze and inflections of body parts, behaviours which are easily missed or at least not consciously registered in real interaction, the use of video constituted a way of seeing what had not been seen before. Bradshaw J. Latvala E, Vuokila-Oikkonen P, Janhonen S. (2000). However, video unveils this world of nuanced expressions and makes these communicative behaviours amenable to interpretation. Understanding how people communicate is difficult both for those who have the experience of an intellectual disability and for those who attempt to communicate with them (Caldwell 2007). As a result, in some interaction sequences several behaviours could be identified as occurring in a very short period of time, with the result that a very fine detail of what happened in the communication was evident. Dense data typically contains subtle communicative behaviour. The narrative was embedded in the transcription structure such that precise sequences of communication and interaction were clearly identifiable. The transcription of the videotapes was the most painstaking and slow phase of the data analysis. The answer to that question can only be a subjective one, which was: not very much. Theoretical Sensitivity. There are doubts as to whether the collection of audio recorded data facilitates the development of a grounded theory. Arising from that transcription it became possible to identify the patterns in the micro-behaviours and micro-communications that constituted the interaction process. On a few occasions I interacted with the participants in order to maintain the relationship which had been established prior to and during the data-gathering period. Are you developing a classic grounded theory? In particular it was important to extend the uncovering of patterns within the detailed data of very small behaviours of the participants. The database of the Grounded Theory Review now contains more than a hundred articles on classic grounded theoriesfrom either a methodological or a theoretical perspective. Routledge. Nursing Research: Principles and methods. 45:18-29. Grounded theory offers the researcher the benefit of approaching a study without predetermined ideas of what he/she will find in relation to the social phenomena under investigation. Classic grounded theory (CGT) was chosen as the preferred method for the study because so little was known about the patterns of communication that were inherent in what the study participants did. (2005). Eye gaze changes quickly, at times up to three to four times per second. This is, in fact, the nub of the matter; video allowed for the collection of extremely detailed data that revealed what was not evident to the observer of action in real time. The first was that I was present in the classrooms where the interaction took place and my presence was compounded by the video camera and the stand upon which it sat. Attuning therefore describes the nature of the continuous process of communication, the understanding of which is the main concern of the participants in the study. Glaser B (2007). David Fulton. Cambridge. Brown Walker Press. The nature of the qualitative micro data that was captured is described and the fit between such data and classic grounded theory is discussed. Fogel A. Micro-incidents are the bedrock data that generated the categories which form the basis of the theory. They continue until they reach sample saturation, in which no new information upsets . Journal of Advanced Nursing. Philadelphia. This study attempted to uncover some of the more fundamental elements and the inherent patters in the complex nature of human interaction. Indeed, it took two months of intensive work to transcribe 13 minutes of tape. There were three participants in the study who had a severe or profound intellectual disability, each of whom was observed in the classroom with a non disabled person, namely the staff member who was chiefly responsible for the persons care, support and education. From a grounded theory viewpoint, a legitimate criticism of such a process is that the over concern with detailed description may impede the raising of the analysis to the conceptual level. Attuning: A theory of interaction of people with severe and profound intellectual and multiple disability and their carers. Typically it took five and half hours to transcribe one minute of Tony and Marys (one of the dyads) video and this covered 11 pages of transcript. The Grounded Theory Perspective: Conceptualization Contrasted with Description. This difficulty is magnified for people with profound intellectual and multiple disability (PIMD), who are confronted with many challenges in living their daily lives. The progression in the data analysis process is described from descriptions of these micro-behaviours towards the emergence of the concepts of the theory. In Nadel J and Camaioni L, (Eds). These may initially be inaccurate, however grounded theory has the capacity to correct inaccuracies, as the inherent patterns will inevitably emerge as data saturation is approached. Creating a responsive environment for people with profound and multiple learning difficulties. Following the 50th anniversary wish of GTs co-founder Dr. Barney Glaser, we would like to see a conglomerate of new grounded theories that span a wide array of disciplines and topics and that demonstrate general applicability and conceptual strengths in diverse social contexts. It seemed to this researcher that the virtue of grounded theory was its ability to accept all forms of data and also its neutrality in terms of its approach to the data. 31 (5):1252-1257. Videotaped recording as a method off participant observation in psychiatric nursing research. The constant comparison process not only generated codes that changed as the data analysis continued, but it also generated memos. Sociology Press. Some weak points are only vulnerable to certain damage types, such as eye weak points being vulnerable to only Stabbing damage. Glaser B (2005). Hogg J, Reeves D, Roberts J and Mudford O.C. However, a sense that the solution to the problem lay in the detail was a starting point in seeking answers to the research question. In order to overcome this danger during the data analysis I constantly looked for patterns in the data and was aware of the injunction that grounded theory is based on a latent structure analysis approach using a concept indicator model that yields emergent theoretical frameworks that the researcher must stay open to (Glaser, 2005, p. 5). It was interesting to note that a repeated behaviour of one individual in many cases elicited different reactions from others depending on whom that individual was interacting with. Glaser B. and Strauss A. Researchers collect data through any means they prefer and then analyze the facts to arrive at concepts. Elemental Weaknesses and Resistances are primary factors that can affect the damage a specific weapon deals to a certain creature. There are 6 different damage types in the game, but the sixth type, Generic, acts as a "neutral" type, with no creatures being weak nor resistant to it. Schonfeld asked the research group to analyze the behaviours that they saw. Video permits the fine-grained, detailed nature of the data that is; its density to be made explicit (Latvala et al., 2000). Video recordings were made of three of these dyads, each of which consisted of one student with PIMD and one carer or teacher (who was the students keyworker). The 25 minutes of videotaped observational data in this study detailed more than 1000 incidents comprising 36,000 data points. Watzlawick P, Bavelas J. and Jackson D. (1967). The nature of people with such severe disabilities is that they cannot interact in an ordinarily recognised manner; they have little or no speech and their non-verbal behaviours tend to be idiosyncratic. Communication partnerships with people with profound and multiple learning disabilities. Doing Grounded Theory.

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