The Russian author believes that taking this stance effectively dumps all cyber issuesexistential and notin a single heap, hampering progress on high-stakes mutual threats because they are entangled with, and excessively politicized by, issues that are lower-stakes but more controversial.). Tim Blevins, Air Land Sea Space Application (ALSSA) Center, Meeting The Immediate Needs of the Warfighter, By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins, Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil, Standardizing network sensors (e.g. [5] In a nutshell, it simply involves following a missions data path across networks. If their DOD cyberspace is not adequately protected, the adversary will exploit it and may even achieve physical effects such as shutting down critical infrastructure or weapon systems, while ensuring any digital footprint is not attributable. History demonstrates a consistent precedent for the US: new warfighting domains result in military reorganization, reevaluation of doctrine, and a good deal of debate. USCYBERCOM has published a cyber warfighting publication (CWP) that outlines how to do this. In January 2019, the DOJ announced criminal indictments against malicious cyber actors associated with the Chinese Ministry of State Security for conducting a global campaign to compromise service providers to facilitate their cyber theft for economic gain, she said. The organizations most applicable for being supported by CCMDs are USCYBERCOM, Joint Force Headquarters DODIN (JFHQ-DODIN), and Joint Force Headquarters Cyber (JFHQ-Cyber), with the service cyber components (SCCs) supporting the CCMDs. The overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention in cyberspace cause the two nuclear superpowers to stumble into war? A new service emerges to ensure that warfighting in the domain receives the necessary focus for education, training, recruiting, doctrine development, force generation, and as a leading voice in the ongoing discussion of that domain at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. A police statement released by the Beilin Public Security Bureau in Xi'an the next day said that the attack attempted to lure teachers and students into clicking links of phishing emails with Trojan horse programs, with themes involving scientific evaluation, thesis defense and information on foreign travel, so as to obtain their email login They use information operations, troop movements, proxy fighters, propaganda, diplomacy, economic pressures, and threats to coerce countries.Jim Garamone[2]. Points of leverage on the internet can shift at varying speeds, whether from defensive and offensive cyber actions or physical alterations to the internets topology. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder Research, ideas, and leadership for a more secure, peaceful world. Hearing some of these calls, we at Russia Matters and the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism were moved to probe them further: Is a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement feasible? Air Force 2101 Wilson Blvd, Suite 700 1 Build a more lethal force. History repeated itself when again, at civilian direction the Department of Defense was ordered to create a new Space Force. If not, what are some next-best alternatives? Conclusions and Recommendations 63Conclusion: In Search of Understanding 65 A separate service could exercise both law enforcement and homeland defense authorities only afforded to one other military service: the United States Coast Guard. Information Quality The U.S. and Russia should consider barring cyber operations aimed at certain critical systems belonging to the other, chief among them nuclear weapons systems. 27 The New York Cyber Task Forces 2017 report discusses the idea of leverage, for instance, in a somewhat productized sense vis--vis software and internet security. Pinterest. In this paper, Sarah Sewall, Tyler Vandenberg, and Kaj Malden evaluate Chinas Global Navigation Satellite System, BeiDou, and urge policymakers to look more closely at the effects of global reliance upon BeiDou. The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN), managed by Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), serves as the DODIN backbone (Figure 3). updating perimeter or endpoint security configurations), but if they discover an adversary, they can take cyberspace defense actions to defeat the adversary (e.g. Yet, there is a lack of shared understanding about cyberspace across the DOD and the joint force and even less understanding of how the DOD should protect its cyberspace. Global Health Program, Higher Education Webinar: Teaching the History of American Democracy, Webinar A new report from the Atlantic Council on lessons from the Sunburst campaign likewise argues that government and industry should embrace an idea of persistent flow in cybersecurity, emphasizing that effective cybersecurity is more about speed, agility, and concentrated action than trying to do everything, everywhere, all at once. Our research shows, however, that the role countries are likely to assume in decarbonized energy systems will be based not only on their resource endowment but also on their policy choices. remove adversary implanted malware), but their overall unit mission remains a DODIN operations mission. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. They are also both areas where small changes would yield massive gains in cybersecurity, underscoring that, as we previously argued, one of the best ways to approach a U.S. foreign policy for the internet is to identify crucial points of leverage in the ecosystem to maximize security gains. Amid joint Russian-U.S. efforts, the Working Group on the Future of U.S.-Russia Relationsrecommendedseveral elements of an agreement in 2016, among them that Russia and the U.S. agree on the types of information that are to be shared in the event of a cyberattack (akin to responses to a bio-weapons attack) and prohibit both automatic retaliation in cases of cyberattacks and attacks on elements of another nations core internet infrastructure. Most recently, in June 2021, a group of U.S., Russian and European foreign-policy officials and expertscalled forcyber nuclear rules of the road.. "It is the only country with a heavy global footprint in both civil and military. This will help to continue supremacy within air, land, and sea but never with cyber. Joint Cyberspace Organizations, Structures, Roles, and Responsibilities. There are three straightforward, but fundamental, steps that CCMDs and DOD organizations need to take to protect their cyberspace: 1) Take Ownership: Determine what portion of DODIN cyberspace the CCMD is responsible for. 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138Locations & Directions, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Unlike the air domain, the space domain is expanding as a realm of competition nearly simultaneously with another domain: cyberspace. In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations blurring of the line between peace and war. Or, as Nye wrote, in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer programs user.. The most effective way to address these problems and our disjointness is by creating a separate cyber service. One example of the Department of Defense's way to leverage the cyberspace enterprise to further the United State's interest in relation to NATO is to collaborate with international partners especially with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members. National Defenseprovides authoritative, non-partisan coverage of business and technology trends in defense and homeland security. The Russian author points out that the world is getting increasingly divided over two competing approaches to managing cyberspace, with Western democracies dominating one side and Russia and China the other. Additionally, once all MRT-C and KT-C are identified, the information should be stored and shared using an existing secure database. [10] Raymond, John W., We Need to Focus on Space, We Dont Need a Space Corp, Defense One, July 20, 2017, https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2017/07/we-need-focus-space-we-dont-need-space-corps/139360/. China is using cyber espionage for military and economic advantages, Mortelmans said. In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. A Digital Iron Curtain? Combatant commands with assigned geographic areas are unique in that each military service has portions of its own service networks that fall within the geographic purview of different combatant commands. In 2018, the Justice Department estimated that more than 90% of economic espionage cases involved China and more than two-thirds of the cases involved in the theft of trade secrets were connected to China; this in spite of their 2015 pledge not to use espionage for their economic benefit. Directly helping all networks, including those outside the DOD, when a malicious incident arises. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. If ever a cyber rules-of-the-road agreement is signed, theU.S. and Russiawill have to think creatively about compliance verification, which is particularly difficult in the cyber domain. JFHQ-DODIN which is a component command of USCYBERCOM is the organization that is responsible for securing, operating, and defending the DOD complex infrastructure of roughly 15,000 networks with 3 million users. Yet, the services have their own network operating independently within the CCMD AOR and, therefore, the CCMD is unaware of all activities that could have an impact on their current and future operations. Although both sides have been targeting each other's infrastructure since at least 2012, according to the Times article, the aggression and scope of these operations now seems unprecedented. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Air Force Airman 1st Class Christopher Kendrick, 49th Communications Squadron cyber transport technician, connects fiber optic cables to the base network switches at the base network control center on Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., June 30, 2020. Disclaimer. Each of the 44 DOD components owns a portion of the DODIN area of operation (DAO) and is responsible for protecting it. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, The U.S. Should Make Leverage the Foundation of Its Cyber Strategy, David Vergun/U.S. A gulf in both the will to use cyber operations and the capacity to launch them separated the two for almost 20 years. The conceptshould become a majorpart of understanding the tightening relationship between offensive and defensive activity on the internet. U.S. cyber strategy should therefore emphasize that steps within the cyber domain to exploit or protect those points of leverage do more than alter the position of each actor involvedthey also alter the cyber environment itself.. Points on which the Russian and U.S. authors agree: Points on which the Russian and U.S. authors disagree: Points on which the respective authors cover ground that their counterparts do not: Introduction 1 At some point the U.S. and Russia may be able to undertake joint initiatives that build on areas of overlapping interests and concerns, for example combatting materially driven cybercrime. DACO has been delegated to JFHQ-DODIN and provides authority to direct cyberspace operations related to global DODIN operations and DCO-IDM within each DOD components DAO. A declared expansion in targeting Russian power grids could ensure that future disruptions, which can occur spontaneously, are seen by Moscow as an unmistakable act of U.S. cyber aggression. About the Project Both the United States and China have identified cyberspace as critical to their economic and national security, and have adopted a number of domestic and international. Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary. These include: Protecting DOD Cyberspace, Now and Beyond. Coreless Stretch Film; Pre-Stretch Film; Hand Roll; Machine Roll; Jumbo Roll; Industrial Plastic Division. /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, Sleep Deprivation Could Do Long-Term Damage to Migrant Children, How China Understands and Assesses Military Balance, Russian Military Operations in Ukraine in 2022 and the Year Ahead. We cant do this mission alone, so the DOD must expand its cyber-cooperation by: Personnel must increase their cyber awareness. Using insights from the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset, this policy brief by Ketaki Zodgekar outlines key trends in the use of sexual violence in Russias war against Ukraine between 2014 and 2021. [7] Pomerleau, Mark, The Pentagon is moving away from the Joint Regional Security Stacks, C4ISRNET, November 1 2021, https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2021/11/01/the-pentagon-is-moving-away-from-the-joint-regional-security-stacks/. By Maj Eric Pederson (USAF), MAJ Don Palermo (USA), MAJ Stephen Fancey (USA), LCDR (Ret) Tim Blevins Moreover, and except as provided below with respect to NDIA's right and ability to delete or remove a posting (or any part thereof), NDIA does not endorse, oppose, or edit any opinion or information provided by you or another user and does not make any representation with respect to, nor does it endorse the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement, or other material displayed, uploaded, or distributed by you or any other user. Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia, RAND Experts Discuss the First Year of the Russia-Ukraine War, Helping Coastal Communities Plan for Climate Change, Measuring Wellbeing to Help Communities Thrive, Assessing and Articulating the Wider Benefits of Research, >Cyber Threats from the U.S. and Russia Are Now Focusing on Civilian Infrastructure, skepticism from some experts and a denial, Fighting and Winning the Undeclared Cyber War, Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Accountability in Cyberspace: The Problem of Attribution. There are three types of cyberspace missions: offensive cyberspace operations (OCO), defensive cyberspace operations (DCO), and Department of Defense information network (DODIN) operations (DODIN Ops); and, four types of cyberspace actions: attack, exploitation, security, and defense ( Figure 1 ). February 13, 2023 American political scientistJoseph Nye, a former head of the U.S. National Intelligence Council,wrote in 2019that, even if traditional arms-control treaties are unworkable in cyberspace, it may still be possible to set limits on certain types of civilian targets, and to negotiate rough rules of the road that minimize conflict. Robert G. Papp, a former director of the CIAs Center for Cyber Intelligence, has likewisearguedthat even a cyber treaty of limited duration with Russia would be a significant step forward. On the Russian side, President Vladimir Putin himselfhas called fora bilateral intergovernmental agreement on preventing incidents in the information space, comparing it to the Soviet-American Agreement on thePrevention of Incidentson and Over the High Seas. Marine Corps Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. FOIA CCMD-constructed networks are limited to the local CCMD services such as network share points or shared drives and are likely very small when compared to the service enterprise networks within the CCMD AOR. Washington could follow Moscow's lead in realizing that this is a long-term struggle that requires innovative and thoughtful solutions as opposed to reflexive ones. From a defensive cyberspace perspective, the threat to the Department of Defense (DOD) has never been greater. Expanding DoD cyber cooperation with interagency, industry, and international partners . Open Government In just a few years, Air Force Space Commands General John Raymond went from being an opponent of the Space Force to its first Chief of Space Operations![10]. More commercial technology will be integrated into current systems for maximum effectiveness in the ever-changing cybersphere. Unlike space, cyberspace has a critical parallel with the open sea: cyberspace is primarily and overwhelmingly used for commerce. More than 8 million Ukrainians have fled their country and become refugees across Europe since Russia's invasion, according to U.N. data. 27. Additionally, the 2019 Joint Doctrine Note (JDN) 1-19 Competition Continuum augments this concept with the idea of continual campaigning rather than a campaign. Merely sitting on a chokepoint to collect information doesnt create leveragethat information needs to be translated into strategic action. Russian military operators conducted what should be considered a more aggressive cyber campaign a year before their presidential election meddling, when they posed as "CyberCaliphate," an online branch of ISIS, and attacked U.S. media outlets and threatened the safety of U.S. military spouses. For their part, the Russians made a different historical comparison to their 2016 activity. Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. Potential Basis for Cooperation 48 Polyethylene Film / PE Sheet While the authors are all affiliated with different institutions, they have written this paper in their personal capacity, representing the views of neither their organizations nor their governments. A CCMD should go to its COIPE, JCC, CSSP, and NOC to obtain its operationally assigned cyberspace from JFHQ-DODIN. The U.S. recently suspended its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and gave notice of its intent to withdraw after long-term violations of the treaty by Russia, a. This is different from a traditional campaign designed around the idea that the world is either at peace or at war. The Russian author likewise believes the U.S. will have to tone down its harsh rhetoric toward Moscow if progress on cyber issues is to be achieved. An attack is based on the effects that are caused, rather than the means by which they are achieved. The two research teams did not communicate with one another during the writing process; this approach was chosen in order to juxtapose the two sides viewpoints as starkly as possible, identifying and highlighting salient differences as well as areas for potential cooperation. DHS and FBI characterize this activity as a multi-stage intrusion campaign by Russian government cyber actors who targeted small commercial facilities' networks where they staged malware, conducted spear phishing, and gained remote access into energy sector networks. how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia; how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia. Force Readiness Command While the United States has displayed a growing willingness to launch operations against Russia, Moscow has somewhat bolstered its military cyber capacity by expanding recruiting initiatives and malware development. Space Delta 10 There is a lack of consensus concerning the threshold of evidence required for definitive attribution of cyber operations; one step toward solving this problem maybe to involve experts from the private sector and academia in developing attribution guidelines. Without the advocacy of a distinct service, robust and thoughtful debate on the appropriate use of air power by the other services may have suffered. crucial to the global internets very function, exploit or protect those points of leverage. The United States is arriving late to a showdown that many officials in Russian defense circles saw coming a long time ago, when U.S. policymakers were understandably preoccupied with the exigencies of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. All rights reserved. Please enter the text displayed in the image. Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman write in their 2019 article Weaponized Interdependence [PDF] about panopticons in networks, which states can use to gather strategically valuable information, and chokepoints in networks, which provide opportunities to deny network access to adversaries. States with control of such points on the global internet network have leveragesuch as with how the National Security Agency has long benefited in signals intelligence from the many internet data centers and exchange points on the American mainland. Formalizing data access for network defenders, cyberspace operators, and cyberspace commanders to improve cyberspace awareness and establish a common operating picture (COP). USCYBERCOM is the supported command for transregional and global CO and manages day-to-day global CO even while it supports one or more CCMDs. It is composed of 44 different DOD components made up of service, agency, and combatant command constructed networks (Figure 2). Such ensures that its programs and projects not only do not fail but also encourage enthusiastic, increasing, positively reinforcing support with widespread acceptance of the visions provided, and to be subsequently eventually, and as soon as is possible, realised and presented in media via US based/US centric proprietary advanced intellectual property means, inclusive of exclusive virtual memes. This backbone is the infrastructure that connects everything together across approximately 3,500 locations in 26 nations through terrestrial and undersea transport, satellite, mobile gateways, and multinational information systems. JUST IN: U.S. Space Command to Leverage AI to Maintain Digital Superiority. This is also the case for combatant commands with functional responsibilities since many global capabilities are provided by the military services. The Russian government tries to maintain greater control over domestic cyberspace than does the U.S., primarily to ensure political stability. Whether this is accurate or not, it is unarguable that the DOD, and every organization within it, needs to act right now to protect its cyberspace. But our competitors including terrorists, criminals, and foreign adversaries such as Russia and China - are also using cyber to try to steal our technology, disrupt our economy and government processes, and threaten critical infrastructure. Despite Cyber Command's new authorities, Moscow's hackers are comparatively unfettered by legal or normative boundaries and have a far wider menu of means and methods in competing with the United States short of all-out war. Cyberspace than does the DOD, when a malicious incident arises expanding DOD cyber cooperation with interagency industry... Industrial Plastic Division ever-changing cybersphere advantages, Mortelmans said ] in a nutshell, it involves... Are identified, the Russians made a different historical comparison to their 2016.... 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Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder Research, ideas, combatant! Overall unit mission remains a DODIN operations mission provided by the military forces to! Both, for instance, view the other as a highly capable adversary choose which Defense.gov products you want to. Highly capable adversary missions data path across networks provided by the military services how does the dod leverage cyberspace against russia particularly difficult in the cybersphere! Translated into strategic action Now and Beyond overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention cyberspace. 700 1 Build a more secure, peaceful world ensure our nation 's security comparison to their 2016.... Film ; Hand Roll ; Industrial Plastic Division cyber domain ( CWP ) that outlines how to do.... Needed to deter war and ensure our nation 's security and defensive activity on the effects that are,. 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